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Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)

Trapping induced frequency shifts by comparison of two Sr optical lattice clocks at the 10−17 level

Jérôme Lodewyck, Philip G. Westergaard, L. Lorini, M. Zawada, Eric A. Burt, Mikhail Gurov, P. Lemonde

Published May 1, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a comprehensive study of the frequency shifts associated with the lattice potential in Sr lattice clocks. By comparing two such clocks with a frequency stability better than 5.10-17after one hour of averaging time, and varying the lattice depth up to U0= 900 Erwith Erbeing the recoil energy, we evaluate lattice related shifts with an unprecedented accuracy.

DOI
10.1109/fcs.2011.5977853

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We present a comprehensive study of the frequency shifts associated with the lattice potential in Sr lattice clocks. By comparing two such clocks with a frequency stability better than 5.10-17after one hour of averaging time, and varying the lattice depth up to U0= 900 Erwith Erbeing the recoil energy, we evaluate lattice related shifts with an unprecedented accuracy.
We present a comprehensive study of the frequency shifts associated with the lattice potential in a Sr lattice clock by comparing two such clocks with a frequency stability reaching 5×10(-17) after a 1 h integration time. We put the first experimental upper bound on the multipolar M1 and E2 interactions, significantly smaller than the recently predicted theoretical upper limit, and give a 30-fold improved upper limit on the effect of hyperpolarizability. Finally, we report on the first observation of the vector and tensor shifts in a Sr lattice clock. Combining these measurements, we show that all known lattice related perturbations will not affect the clock accuracy down to the 10(-17) level, even for lattices as deep as 150 recoil energies.
We study the trap depth requirement for the realization of an optical clock using atoms confined in a lattice. We show that site-to-site tunneling leads to a residual sensitivity to the atom dynamics hence requiring large depths [(50–100)Er(50\text{--}100){E}_{r}(50–100)Er​ for Sr] to avoid any frequency shift or line broadening of the atomic transition at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}\text{--}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ level. Such large depths and the corresponding laser power may, however, lead to difficulties (e.g., higher-order light shifts, two-photon ionization, technical difficulties) and therefore one would like to operate the clock in much shallower traps. To circumvent this problem we propose the use of an accelerated lattice. Acceleration lifts the degeneracy between adjacents potential wells which strongly inhibits tunneling. We show that using the Earth's gravity, much shallower traps (down to 5Er5{E}_{r}5Er​ for Sr) can be used for the same accuracy goal.
To date, optical clocks based on singly trapped ions and ultracold neutral atoms trapped in the Stark-shift-free optical lattices are regarded as promising candidates for future atomic clocks. Since 2006, “optical lattice clocks” have been evaluated close to the Cs clocks' uncertainty limit internationally. One of the essential experimental challenges in the development of “optical lattice clocks” is to find out the better lattice geometries as well as interrogated atom species (including their quantum statistics) that bring out the potential performance of the clock scheme, taking into account the collisional frequency shift, the Black body radiation (BBR) shift, the atomic multipolar and hyperpolarizability effects.
This thesis presents the latest achievements regarding the Sr optical lattice clock experiment at LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris. After having described the general principles for optical lattice clocks and the operation of the clock in question, the emphasis is put on the features that have been added to the experiment since 2007. The most important new elements are an ultra-stable reference cavity for the clock laser, the development of a non-destructive detection technique, and the construction of a second Sr lattice clock. The ultra-stable cavity is constructed from a ULE spacer and fused silica mirrors and has shown a thermal noise floor at 6.5E-16, placing it among the best in the world. The non-destructive detection is effectuated by a phase measurement of a weak probe beam that traverses the atoms placed in one arm of a Mach-Zender interferometer. The non-destructive aspect enables a recycling of the atoms from cycle to cycle which consequently increases the duty cycle, allowing for an increase of the stability of the clock. With these new tools the frequency stability is expected to be 2.2E-16/tau^(1/2) for an optimized sequence. The most recent comparisons between the two Sr clocks reach an accuracy level of 1E-16 after about 1000 s, and this way we have been able to characterize lattice related frequency shifts with an unprecedented accuracy. The measurements ensure a control of lattice related effects at the 1E-18 level even for trap depths as large as 50 Er.
We study the trap depth requirement for the realization of an optical clock using atoms confined in a lattice. We show that site-to-site tunnelling leads to a residual sensitivity to the atom dynamics hence requiring large depths (50 to 100 Erfor Sr) to avoid any frequency shift or line broadening of the atomic transition at the 10-17- 10-18level. Such large depths and the corresponding laser power may, however, lead to difficulties (e.g. higher order light shifts, two-photon ionization, technical difficulties) and therefore one would like to operate the clock in much shallower traps. To circumvent this problem we propose the use of an accelerated lattice. Acceleration lifts the degeneracy between adjacents potential wells which strongly inhibits tunnelling. We show that using the Earth's gravity, much shallower traps (down to 5 Erfor Sr) can be used for the same accuracy goal