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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Single- and multi-photon states in microwave cavity QED

S. Haroche, Alexia Auffèves, Tristan Meunier, Paolo Maioli, S. Gleyzes, Gilles Nogues, M. Brune, J. M. Raimond

Published Jan 1, 2004• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Cavity QED experiments involving single- and multi-photon microwave fields and displaying atom-radiation entanglement will be described. These experiments reveal in a striking way the quantum nature of the field and its graininess.
DOI
10.1364/iqec.2004.iwb2

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Starting with early experiments about lifetimes of excited atoms near metallic boundaries, I review the evolution of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics in the microwave and in the optical domains. The coherent coupling of single atoms with photons in high-Q cavities has led to the demonstration of fundamental quantum effects in light-matter interaction processes and to the generation of micromasers and microlasers emitting radiation with non-classical properties. It has made possible the development of single photon light sources and efficient detectors of single atoms as well as the implementation of quantum information and communication procedures in which atoms and photons play the roles of quantum bits. Mesoscopic superpositions of field states have been generated by entangling single atoms to fields made of many photons and the decoherence of these states has been studied, shedding new light on the quantum to classical boundary. Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics has also led recently to the quantum non-demolition counting of photons in a cavity, opening new perspectives for studying non-classical states of radiation. These atomic physics experiments are now extended - with promising applications in perspective - to the study of solid-state devices with microcavities built on substrates and coupled to artificial atoms such as quantum dots or superconducting junctions.
Cavity qed is the domain of quantum optics which studies the behaviour of single atoms and photons coupled together in an electromagnetic resonator. During the last ten years, various spectacular effects have been observed on such systems, either on the atom’s or on the field’s properties. The presence of a cavity around an atom can produce an alteration of the atomic radiative rates which has been observed in several experiments. Ideally, cavity qed deals with two-level atoms coupled resonantly or nearly resonantly to a single cavity mode. This is of course a simplification of real situations, in which atoms have many levels and the cavity sustains more than one mode. The amplitudes associated to the upper and lower atomic states oscillate as a function of time, revealing the ‘vacuum Rabi oscillation’ effect. The amplitudes associated to the upper and lower atomic states oscillate as a function of time, revealing the ‘vacuum Rabi oscillation’ effect.
After a brief review of experiments realized on optical fields, the author will focus on recent cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) studies performed on a microwave field trapped between highly reflecting superconducting mirrors and probed by Rydberg atoms. Exotic Fock and Schrodinger cat states of radiation are generated, kept in a cavity for an observable time and reconstructed in details. The decoherence of these states - i.e. their progressive transformation into mundane classical states under the effect of their coupling to the environment - is recorded in real time, realizing a detailed exploration of the quantum to classical boundary.