Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences

Asymmetric quantum codes: constructions, bounds and performance

Pradeep Kiran Sarvepalli, Andreas Klappenecker, Martin Rötteler

Published Mar 4, 2009• 144 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, quantum error-correcting codes have been proposed that capitalize on the fact that many physical error models lead to a significant asymmetry between the probabilities for bit- and phase-flip errors. An example for a channel that exhibits such asymmetry is the combined amplitude damping and dephasing channel, where the probabilities of bit and phase flips can be related to relaxation and dephasing time, respectively. We study asymmetric quantum codes that are obtained from the Calderbank–Shor–Steane (CSS) construction. For such codes, we derive upper bounds on the code parameters using linear programming. A central result of this paper is the explicit construction of some new families of asymmetric quantum stabilizer codes from pairs of nested classical codes. For instance, we derive asymmetric codes using a combination of Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) and finite geometry low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We show that the asymmetric quantum codes offer two advantages, namely to allow a higher rate without sacrificing performance when compared with symmetric codes and vice versa to allow a higher performance when compared with symmetric codes of comparable rates. Our approach is based on a CSS construction that combines BCH and finite geometry LDPC codes.

DOI
10.1098/rspa.2008.0439

Related papers

Asymmetric quantum LDPC codes

Pradeep Kiran Sarvepalli, Andreas Klappenecker, Martin Rötteler

Recently, quantum error-correcting codes were proposed that capitalize on the fact that many physical error models lead to a significant asymmetry between the probabilities for bit flip and phase flip errors. An example for a channel which exhibits such asymmetry is the combined amplitude damping and dephasing channel, where the probabilities of bit flips and phase flips can be related to relaxation and dephasing time, respectively. We give systematic constructions of asymmetric quantum stabilizer codes that exploit this asymmetry. Our approach is based on a CSS construction that combines BCH and finite geometry LDPC codes.

arXiv:0804.4316•IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)•Jul 1, 2008•55 citations

ASYMMETRIC QUANTUM PRODUCT CODES

Giuliano G. La Guardia

A family of asymmetric quantum codes derived from the product code of two (classical) Reed–Solomon (RS) codes is constructed in this paper. This family is constructed by applying the Calderbank–Shor–Steane (CSS) construction. The proposed codes can be utilized in quantum channels having great asymmetry, that is, quantum channels in which the probability of occurrence of phase-shift errors is large when compared to the probability of occurrence of qudit-flip errors.

International Journal of Quantum Information•Feb 1, 2012•24 citations

1 On the Construction of Nonbinary Quantum BCH Codes

Giuliano G. La Guardia

Four quantum code constructions generating several new families of good nonbinary quantum nonprimitive nonnarrow-sense, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes, are presented in this paper. The first two are based on Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) construction derived from two nonprimitive Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes. The third one is based on Steane's enlargement of nonbinary CSS codes applied to suitable subfamilies of nonprimitive nonnarrow-sense Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes. The fourth construction is derived from suitable subfamilies of Hermitian dual-containing nonprimitive nonnarrow-sense Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes. These constructions generate new families of quantum codes whose parameters are better than the ones available in the literature.

•Aug 16, 2016•39 citations

Asymmetric and Symmetric Subsystem BCH Codes and Beyond

Salah A. Aly

Recently, the theory of quantum error control codes has been extended to subsystem codes over symmetric and asymmetric quantum channels -- qubit-flip and phase-shift errors may have equal or different probabilities. Previous work in constructing quantum error control codes has focused on code constructions for symmetric quantum channels. In this paper, we develop a theory and establish the connection between asymmetric quantum codes and subsystem codes. We present families of subsystem and asymmetric quantum codes derived, once again, from classical BCH and RS codes over finite fields. Particularly, we derive an interesting asymmetric and symmetric subsystem codes based on classical BCH codes with parameters $[[n,k,r,d]]_q$, $[[n,k,r,d_z/d_x]]_q$ and $[[n,k',0,d_z/d_x]]_q$ for arbitrary values of code lengths and dimensions. We establish asymmetric Singleton and Hamming bounds on asymmetric quantum and subsystem code parameters; and derive optimal asymmetric MDS subsystem codes. Finally, our constructions are well explained by an illustrative example. This paper is written on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of classical BCH codes and their quantum counterparts were derived nearly 10 years ago.

arXiv:0803.0764•Mar 6, 2008•10 citations

Quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check stabilizer codes

Feng Shi, Zhiyuan Yan

Quantum error correction codes are needed to protect quantum systems from interference. An important family of quantum error correction codes are stabilizer codes. Many stabilizer codes in the literature belong to a subclass of stabilizer codes, referred to as CSS codes since they are based on the so-called CSS formalism. CSS codes have received significant attention because the dual-containing condition for the CSS formalism is relatively straightforward to satisfy and also because it is easy to produce CSS codes from classical error correction codes. However, some stabilizer codes in the literature show superior error correction performance than existing CSS codes, and are based on binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Since it has been shown that CSS codes based on nonbinary LDPC codes have good performance over quantum qubit channels, in this paper we investigate stabilizer codes based on nonbinary LDPC codes. In particular, we propose constructions of stabilizer codes based on nonbinary quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes for qubit channels. The simulation results show that our QC-LDPC stabilizer codes decoded by a nonbinary sum-product algorithm have better performance than their binary counterparts.

IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)•Oct 1, 2012•0 citations

Design of low-density-generator-matrix–based quantum codes for asymmetric quantum channels

Patricio Fuentes, Josu Etxezarreta Martínez, Pedro M. Crespo +1 more

Quantum low-density-generator-matrix (QLDGM) codes are known to exhibit great error correction capabilities, surpassing existing quantum low-density-parity-check (QLDPC) codes and other sparse-graph schemes over the depolarizing channel. Most of the research on QLDPC codes and quantum error correction (QEC) is conducted for the symmetric instance of the generic Pauli channel, which incurs bit flips, phase flips, or a combination of both with the same probability. However, due to the behavior of the materials they are built from, some quantum devices must be modelled using a different channel model capable of accurately representing asymmetric scenarios in which the likelihood of a phase flip is higher than that of a bit flip. In this work, we study the design of QLDGM CSS codes for such Pauli channels. We show how codes tailored to the depolarizing channel are not well suited to these asymmetric environments and we derive methods to aptly design QLDGM CSS codes for this paradigm.

Physical Review A•Feb 26, 2021•9 citations
Recently, quantum error-correcting codes have been proposed that capitalize on the fact that many physical error models lead to a significant asymmetry between the probabilities for bit- and phase-flip errors. An example for a channel that exhibits such asymmetry is the combined amplitude damping and dephasing channel, where the probabilities of bit and phase flips can be related to relaxation and dephasing time, respectively. We study asymmetric quantum codes that are obtained from the Calderbank–Shor–Steane (CSS) construction. For such codes, we derive upper bounds on the code parameters using linear programming. A central result of this paper is the explicit construction of some new families of asymmetric quantum stabilizer codes from pairs of nested classical codes. For instance, we derive asymmetric codes using a combination of Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) and finite geometry low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We show that the asymmetric quantum codes offer two advantages, namely to allow a higher rate without sacrificing performance when compared with symmetric codes and vice versa to allow a higher performance when compared with symmetric codes of comparable rates. Our approach is based on a CSS construction that combines BCH and finite geometry LDPC codes.
Recently, quantum error-correcting codes were proposed that capitalize on the fact that many physical error models lead to a significant asymmetry between the probabilities for bit flip and phase flip errors. An example for a channel which exhibits such asymmetry is the combined amplitude damping and dephasing channel, where the probabilities of bit flips and phase flips can be related to relaxation and dephasing time, respectively. We give systematic constructions of asymmetric quantum stabilizer codes that exploit this asymmetry. Our approach is based on a CSS construction that combines BCH and finite geometry LDPC codes.
Four quantum code constructions generating several new families of good nonbinary quantum nonprimitive nonnarrow-sense, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes, are presented in this paper. The first two are based on Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS) construction derived from two nonprimitive Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes. The third one is based on Steane's enlargement of nonbinary CSS codes applied to suitable subfamilies of nonprimitive nonnarrow-sense Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes. The fourth construction is derived from suitable subfamilies of Hermitian dual-containing nonprimitive nonnarrow-sense Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem codes. These constructions generate new families of quantum codes whose parameters are better than the ones available in the literature.
Recently, the theory of quantum error control codes has been extended to subsystem codes over symmetric and asymmetric quantum channels -- qubit-flip and phase-shift errors may have equal or different probabilities. Previous work in constructing quantum error control codes has focused on code constructions for symmetric quantum channels. In this paper, we develop a theory and establish the connection between asymmetric quantum codes and subsystem codes. We present families of subsystem and asymmetric quantum codes derived, once again, from classical BCH and RS codes over finite fields. Particularly, we derive an interesting asymmetric and symmetric subsystem codes based on classical BCH codes with parameters [[n,k,r,d]]q[[n,k,r,d]]_q[[n,k,r,d]]q​, [[n,k,r,dz/dx]]q[[n,k,r,d_z/d_x]]_q[[n,k,r,dz​/dx​]]q​ and [[n,k′,0,dz/dx]]q[[n,k',0,d_z/d_x]]_q[[n,k′,0,dz​/dx​]]q​ for arbitrary values of code lengths and dimensions. We establish asymmetric Singleton and Hamming bounds on asymmetric quantum and subsystem code parameters; and derive optimal asymmetric MDS subsystem codes. Finally, our constructions are well explained by an illustrative example. This paper is written on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of classical BCH codes and their quantum counterparts were derived nearly 10 years ago.
Quantum error correction codes are needed to protect quantum systems from interference. An important family of quantum error correction codes are stabilizer codes. Many stabilizer codes in the literature belong to a subclass of stabilizer codes, referred to as CSS codes since they are based on the so-called CSS formalism. CSS codes have received significant attention because the dual-containing condition for the CSS formalism is relatively straightforward to satisfy and also because it is easy to produce CSS codes from classical error correction codes. However, some stabilizer codes in the literature show superior error correction performance than existing CSS codes, and are based on binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Since it has been shown that CSS codes based on nonbinary LDPC codes have good performance over quantum qubit channels, in this paper we investigate stabilizer codes based on nonbinary LDPC codes. In particular, we propose constructions of stabilizer codes based on nonbinary quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes for qubit channels. The simulation results show that our QC-LDPC stabilizer codes decoded by a nonbinary sum-product algorithm have better performance than their binary counterparts.
Quantum low-density-generator-matrix (QLDGM) codes are known to exhibit great error correction capabilities, surpassing existing quantum low-density-parity-check (QLDPC) codes and other sparse-graph schemes over the depolarizing channel. Most of the research on QLDPC codes and quantum error correction (QEC) is conducted for the symmetric instance of the generic Pauli channel, which incurs bit flips, phase flips, or a combination of both with the same probability. However, due to the behavior of the materials they are built from, some quantum devices must be modelled using a different channel model capable of accurately representing asymmetric scenarios in which the likelihood of a phase flip is higher than that of a bit flip. In this work, we study the design of QLDGM CSS codes for such Pauli channels. We show how codes tailored to the depolarizing channel are not well suited to these asymmetric environments and we derive methods to aptly design QLDGM CSS codes for this paradigm.