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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Hyperfine frequency measurement and interference between different dark states in rubidium 85

G. Alzetta, Laura Botti, S. Cartaleva, A. Rossi, Ji-Hua Xu

Published Apr 9, 2001• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Dark States for Rubidium 85 have been obtained in glass cells containing saturated vapors of natural Rubidium at room temperature. The two radiation, which are required to induce the dark states, have been generated by modulating the light emission of a laser diode, tuned at the S-P optical transition. A measurement of the energy difference between the hyperfine states F equals 2 and F equals 3 of 5S1/2 is performed by an optical way. By using simultaneously two laser diodes, one tuned at the D1 transition and the other at the D2, we have generated two different Dark States. Interference between the two dark states prepared on the same place has been studied by changing the phase of the D1 and D2 excitations. A new way to modulate laser beam intensity is shown.

DOI
10.1117/12.425122

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Acta Physica Polonica A•Nov 1, 2007•2 citations
Dark States for Rubidium 85 have been obtained in glass cells containing saturated vapors of natural Rubidium at room temperature. The two radiation, which are required to induce the dark states, have been generated by modulating the light emission of a laser diode, tuned at the S-P optical transition. A measurement of the energy difference between the hyperfine states F equals 2 and F equals 3 of 5S1/2 is performed by an optical way. By using simultaneously two laser diodes, one tuned at the D1 transition and the other at the D2, we have generated two different Dark States. Interference between the two dark states prepared on the same place has been studied by changing the phase of the D1 and D2 excitations. A new way to modulate laser beam intensity is shown.
The goal of this experiment was to measure the hyperfine energy splittings of the ground to first excited state transitions in rubidium using saturated absorption spectroscopy. Using this technique, we measured these transition energy spectra by taking the difference of two photodiode outputs due to multiple beams of a single laser scanned over a range of frequencies and shone through a cell of Rb vapor. When the laser frequency was resonant with an atomic transition, photons of those frequencies were absorbed, leaving a dip in intensity of the beam measured at the photodiode. One of the two laser beams had its excitations saturated by a more intense, counter-propagating pump beam from the same laser. The pump beam saturated the absorption of the velocity equal zero atoms that the counter-propagating probe beam could have also interacted with due to no Doppler shift. At these frequencies the probe beam experienced less absorption that was measured by a photodiode. The photodiode output was calibrated to the change in frequency of the scanned laser using a Fabry-Pérot interferometer. The output of this interferometer served as a reference for how the laser frequency changed. Final results for the 87Rb F=1 spectrum accounted for the largest error with a maximum of 12.2% deviation from accepted energy spacing values due in part to systematic error. Other spectra measurements were in better agreement, possessing error ranging from 2.1% to 10.1% and some agreeing with accepted values to within our uncertainty.
The coherent dark resonance between the hyperfine levels F=1, m F =0 and F=2, m F =0 of the rubidium ground state has been observed experimentally with the light of a pulsed mode-locked diode laser operating at the D1 transition frequency. The resonance occurs whenever the pulse repetition frequency matches an integer fraction of the rubidium 87 ground state hyperfine splitting of 6.8 GHz. Spectra have been taken by varying the pulse repetition frequency. Using cells with argon as a buffer gas a linewidth as narrow as 149 Hz was obtained. The rubidium ground state decoherence cross section for collisions with xenon atoms has been measured for the first time with this method using a pure isotope rubidium vapor cell and xenon as a buffer gas.
Nonlinear magneto-optical resonances on the hyperfine transitions belonging to the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line of rubidium were changed from bright to dark resonances by changing the laser power density of the single exciting laser field or by changing the vapor temperature in the cell. In one set of experiments atoms were excited by linearly polarized light from an extended cavity diode laser with polarization vector perpendicular to the light's propagation direction and magnetic field, and laser-induced fluorescence was observed along the direction of the magnetic field, which was scanned. A low-contrast bright resonance was observed at low laser power densities when the laser was tuned to the ${F}_{g}=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=3$ transition of 87{}^{87}87Rb and near to the ${F}_{g}=3\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=4$ transition of 85{}^{85}85Rb. The bright resonance became dark as the laser power density was increased above 0.6 mW/cm2{}^{2}2 or 0.8 mW/cm2{}^{2}2, respectively. When the ${F}_{g}=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=3$ transition of 87{}^{87}87Rb was excited with circularly polarized light in a second set of experiments, a bright resonance was observed, which became dark when the temperature was increased to around 50${}^{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\circ}}$C. The experimental observations at room temperature could be reproduced with good agreement by calculations based on a theoretical model, although the theoretical model was not able to describe measurements at elevated temperatures, where reabsorption was thought to play a decisive role. The model was derived from the optical Bloch equations and included all nearby hyperfine components, averaging over the Doppler profile, mixing of magnetic sublevels in the external magnetic field, and a treatment of the coherence properties of the exciting radiation field.
Experimental signals of nonlinear magneto-optical resonances at D1{D}_{1}D1​ excitation of natural rubidium in a vapor cell have been obtained and described with experimental accuracy by a detailed theoretical model based on the optical Bloch equations. The D1{D}_{1}D1​ transition of rubidium is a challenging system to analyze theoretically because it contains transitions that are only partially resolved under Doppler broadening. The theoretical model took into account all nearby transitions, the coherence properties of the exciting laser radiation, and the mixing of magnetic sublevels in an external magnetic field and also included averaging over the Doppler profile. The experimental signals were reproduced very well at each hyperfine transition and over a wide range of laser power densities, beam diameters, and laser detunings from the exact transition frequency. The bright resonance expected at the ${F}_{g}=1\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=2$ transition of 87Rb^{87}\text{R}\text{b}87Rb has been observed. A bright resonance was observed at the ${F}_{g}=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=3$ transition of 85Rb^{85}\text{R}\text{b}85Rb, but displaced from the exact position of the transition due to the influence of the nearby ${F}_{g}=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=2$ transition, which is a dark resonance whose contrast is almost 2 orders of magnitude larger than the contrast of the bright resonance at the ${F}_{g}=2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{F}_{e}=3$ transition. Even in this very delicate situation, the theoretical model described in detail the experimental signals at different laser detunings.
Magnetic field and its gradient measurements based on coherent population trapping resonances at the D1 line of 87 Rb are performed by means of coupling two ground-state Zeeman sublevels belonging to different hyperfine levels to a common excited state.Two coherent laser fields with frequency difference of 6.8 GHz are used.They are produced by direct current modulation of a diode laser.The resonance splitting and broadening caused by the applied magnetic field is measured by scanning the laser modulation frequency around the ground-state hyperfine frequency.