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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Superposition of states and quantum interference in rubidium by diode laser modulation

G. Alzetta, Laura Botti, S. Cartaleva, R. M. Celli, A. Rossi

Published May 7, 1999• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Superposition of states in Rubidium vapor has been obtained by optical pumping with frequency modulated diode lasers. The resulting dark states have been studied as a function of the applied magnetic field and an interference effect has been evidenced by irradiating the vapor with two counterpropagating beams.
DOI
10.1117/12.347617

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Dark States for Rubidium 85 have been obtained in glass cells containing saturated vapors of natural Rubidium at room temperature. The two radiation, which are required to induce the dark states, have been generated by modulating the light emission of a laser diode, tuned at the S-P optical transition. A measurement of the energy difference between the hyperfine states F equals 2 and F equals 3 of 5S1/2 is performed by an optical way. By using simultaneously two laser diodes, one tuned at the D1 transition and the other at the D2, we have generated two different Dark States. Interference between the two dark states prepared on the same place has been studied by changing the phase of the D1 and D2 excitations. A new way to modulate laser beam intensity is shown.
We describe several novel experimental effects resulting from optical coherences in multilevel atoms driven with coherent laser fields. Four configurations were explored using Rb vapor cells: lambda dark-line resonances, single beam double-lambda oscillations, and cascade two-photon transitions in co- and counter-propagating geometries. Experiments were performed with high spectral-resolution using low-power diode lasers sources and optically thick cells. Two of the most striking effects we observed are: (1) a self-oscillation that occurs at 3.0 GHz on the 85Rb hyperfine frequency when a single laser field pumps the atoms, and (2) a coherent blue-beam emission that we observe in the co-propagating cascade two-photon case. These phenomena lead to complex lineshapes, and the effects sometimes dominate the well-known 3-level coherence effects. Additional higher-order mixing or cascaded interferences are apparent in all four experimental configurations. Many of these can be viewed as multi-wave mixing enhanced by optical coherences around closed-loop paths of atomic energy levels. The effects are particularly strong when four-photon closed-loop paths with resonant energy levels are possible, as in, the double-lambda system or as a four-wave mixing “box.”
Magnetic field and its gradient measurements based on coherent population trapping resonances at the D1 line of 87 Rb are performed by means of coupling two ground-state Zeeman sublevels belonging to different hyperfine levels to a common excited state.Two coherent laser fields with frequency difference of 6.8 GHz are used.They are produced by direct current modulation of a diode laser.The resonance splitting and broadening caused by the applied magnetic field is measured by scanning the laser modulation frequency around the ground-state hyperfine frequency.
It is experimentally demonstrated that, using diode lasers for optical pumping and RF /spl pi/-pulses for population transfer, nearly all of the ground state Rb atoms in a vapor cell can be concentrated into one of the two M/sub F/ = 0 sublevels. The fractional population difference /spl Delta/ between the two M/sub F/ = 0 levels can be made as high as 1. This should result in a very significant improvement (about a factor of 100) in the S/N over the conventional discharge-lamp-pumped rubidium frequency standards (RFSs). This would lead to a substantial improvement in the short-term stability of the RFS. This is a pulsed population transfer scheme. The microwave interrogation takes place in the absence of strong pumping light. This has the potential for eliminating the light shift and thereby improving the long-term frequency stability of a an RFS.>