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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Covariant quantum Markovian evolutions

Alexander Semenovich Holevo

Published Apr 1, 1996• 96 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Markovian master equations with generally unbounded generators, having physically relevant symmetries, such as Weyl, Galilean or boost covariance, are characterized. It is proven in particular that a fully Galilean covariant zero spin Markovian evolution reduces to the free motion perturbed by a covariant stochastic process with independent stationary increments in the classical phase space. A general form of the boost covariant Markovian master equation is discussed and a formal dilation to the Langevin equation driven by quantum Boson noises is described.

DOI
10.1063/1.531481

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Quantum Markovian master equations with generally unbounded generators, having physically relevant symmetries, such as Weyl, Galilean or boost covariance, are characterized. It is proven in particular that a fully Galilean covariant zero spin Markovian evolution reduces to the free motion perturbed by a covariant stochastic process with independent stationary increments in the classical phase space. A general form of the boost covariant Markovian master equation is discussed and a formal dilation to the Langevin equation driven by quantum Boson noises is described.
A survey of the probabilistic approaches to quantum dynamical semigroups with unbounded generators is given. An emphasis is made upon recent advances in the structural theory of covariant Markovian master equations. The relations with the classical Levy-Khinchin formula are elucidated. As an example, a complete characterizations of the Galilean covariant irreversible quantum Markovian evolutions is given in terms of the corresponding quantum master and Langevin equations. Important topics for future investigation are outlined.
One longstanding difficult problem in quantum dissipative dynamics is to solve the spin-boson model in a non-Markovian regime where a tractable systematic master equation does not exist. The spin-boson model is particularly important due to its crucial applications in quantum noise control and manipulation as well as its central role in developing quantum theories of open systems. Here we solve this important model by developing a non-Markovian quantum Langevin approach. By projecting the quantum Langevin equation onto the coherent states of the bath, we can derive a set of non-Markovian quantum Bloch equations containing no explicit noise variables. This special feature offers a tremendous advantage over the existing stochastic Schr\"odinger equations in numerical simulations. The physical significance and generality of our approach are briefly discussed.
A concise and self-contained derivation of hybrid quantum-classical dynamics is given in terms of Markovian master equations. Many previously known results are rederived and revised and some of them are completed or corrected. Using a method as simple as possible, our goal is a brief introduction to the state of the art of hybrid dynamics, with a limited discussion of the implications for foundations and without discussion of further relevance in the measurement problem, quantum gravity, chemistry, numeric methods, etc. Hybrid dynamics is defined as a special case of composite quantum dynamics where the observables of one of the two subsystems are restricted to the commuting set of diagonal operators in a fixed basis. With this restriction, the derivation of hybrid dynamical equations is clear conceptually and simple technically. Jump and diffusive dynamics follow in the form of hybrid master equations. Their stochastic interpretation (called unravelings) is derived. We discuss gauge-type ambiguities, problems of uniqueness, and covariance of the diffusive master equation. Also conditions of minimum noise and of monitoring the quantum trajectory are derived. We conclude that the hybrid formalism is equivalent to the standard Markovian theory of time-continuous quantum measurement (monitoring) on the one hand and is a motivating alternative formalism on the other.
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Structures of quantum Fokker–Planck equations are characterized with respect to the properties of complete positivity, covariance under symmetry transformations and satisfaction of equipartition, referring to recent mathematical work on structures of unbounded generators of covariant quantum dynamical semigroups. In particular the quantum optical master equation and the quantum Brownian motion master equation are shown to be associated to U(1) and R symmetry, respectively. Considering the motion of a Brownian particle, where the expression of the quantum Fokker–Planck equation is not completely fixed by the aforementioned requirements, a recently introduced microphysical kinetic model is briefly recalled, where a quantum generalization of the linear Boltzmann equation in the small energy and momentum transfer limit straightforwardly leads to quantum Brownian motion.