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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Quantum flows associated to master equations in quantum optics

Franco Fagnola, Rolando Rebolledo, C. Saavedra

Published Jan 1, 1994• 54 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A stochastic dilation of master equation for a maser is constructed using the technique of quantum stochastic differential equations with unbounded operator coefficients. The associated quantum Markov flow is characterized and turns out to extend a classical birth and death process. Furthermore, the stationary distribution of the aforementioned process, which is connected to the stationary state of the micromaser, is obtained in a closed form.

DOI
10.1063/1.530788

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A stochastic dilation of master equation for a maser is constructed using the technique of quantum stochastic differential equations with unbounded operator coefficients. The associated quantum Markov flow is characterized and turns out to extend a classical birth and death process. Furthermore, the stationary distribution of the aforementioned process, which is connected to the stationary state of the micromaser, is obtained in a closed form.
Quantum Markovian master equations with generally unbounded generators, having physically relevant symmetries, such as Weyl, Galilean or boost covariance, are characterized. It is proven in particular that a fully Galilean covariant zero spin Markovian evolution reduces to the free motion perturbed by a covariant stochastic process with independent stationary increments in the classical phase space. A general form of the boost covariant Markovian master equation is discussed and a formal dilation to the Langevin equation driven by quantum Boson noises is described.
We develop a rather general framework for constructing quantum Markov processes through Markov operator cocycles (see Chapter 2, Section 3) that satisfy a quantum stochastic differential equation.In order to achieve this goal we first recall the basic facts of Boson Fock quantum stochastic calculus and then give the fundamental results in the theory of quantum stochastic differential equations concerning existence, uniqueness, time reversal, isometricity and coisometricity of solutions. Next we construct the quantum flow associated with a Markov operator cocycle, and give a condition that guarantees that the restriction to a commutative subalgebra is a commutative flow.
Applying probabilistic techniques we study regularity properties of quantum master equations (QMEs) in the Lindblad form with unbounded coefficients; a density operator is regular if, roughly speaking, it describes a quantum state with finite energy. Using the linear stochastic Schrödinger equation we deduce that solutions of QMEs preserve the regularity of the initial states under a general nonexplosion condition. To this end, we develop the probabilistic representation of QMEs, and we prove the uniqueness of solutions for adjoint quantum master equations. By means of the nonlinear stochastic Schrödinger equation, we obtain the existence of regular stationary solutions for QMEs, under a Lyapunov-type condition.
Applying probabilistic techniques we study regularity properties of quantum master equations (QMEs) in the Lindblad form with unbounded coefficients; a density operator is regular if, roughly speaking, it describes a quantum state with finite energy. Using the linear stochastic Schrödinger equation we deduce that solutions of QMEs preserve the regularity of the initial states under a general nonexplosion condition. To this end, we develop the probabilistic representation of QMEs, and we prove the uniqueness of solutions for adjoint quantum master equations. By means of the nonlinear stochastic Schrödinger equation, we obtain the existence of regular stationary solutions for QMEs, under a Lyapunov-type condition.
Abstract Quantum trajectory techniques have been used in the theory of open systems as a starting point for numerical computations and to describe the monitoring of a quantum system in continuous time. We extend this technique to develop a general approach to the dynamics of quantum/classical hybrid systems. By using two coupled stochastic differential equations, we can describe a classical component and a quantum one which have their own intrinsic dynamics and which interact with each other. A mathematically rigorous construction is given, under the restriction of having a Markovian joint dynamics and of involving only bounded operators on the Hilbert space of the quantum component. An important feature is that, if the interaction allows for a flow of information from the quantum component to the classical one, necessarily the dynamics is dissipative. We show also how this theory is connected to a suitable hybrid dynamical semigroup, which reduces to a quantum dynamical semigroup in the purely quantum case and includes Liouville and Kolmogorov–Fokker–Planck equations in the purely classical case. Moreover, this semigroup allows to compare the proposed stochastic dynamics with various other proposals based on hybrid master equations. Some simple examples are constructed in order to show the variety of physical behaviors which can be described; in particular, a model presenting hidden entanglement is introduced.
The methodology of stochastic description for dissipation, a generic scheme to decouple the interaction between two subsystems, is applied to the study of dissipative dynamics in quantum optics. It is shown that the influence of the coupled thermal or vacuum field on the quantum mode can be exactly represented by the induced stochastic fields. The quantum mode thereby satisfies a stochastic differential equation and dissipation effect due to the coupling with the environment is obtained through statistical averaging. Within the framework of stochastic description, it is demonstrated how to derive the master equation for a single optical mode interacting with the bosonic bath. A numerical algorithm for solving the master equation in which the coefficients are determined by a set of integral equations is discussed and a comparison with the known results is displayed. The derivation of the master equation for the spontaneous decay of two-state atoms in the vacuum is also presented.