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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

AC voltage-biased superconducting bolometer for a frequency-domain SQUID multiplexer

Jaewon Yoon, John L. Clarke, Jan M. Gildemeister, Adrian Tae-Jin Lee, P. L. Richards

Published Mar 1, 2001• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate that a voltage-biased superconducting bolometer (VSB), read out with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), can be biased with a sinusoidal voltage. We show that the load curves taken with AC- and DC-bias are nearly identical indicating that there is no identifiable degradation in the performance of the bolometer due to the AC bias. We discuss the use of a frequency-domain SQUID multiplexer with an array of VSB's that are AC-biased.

DOI
10.1109/77.919407

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We demonstrate that a voltage-biased superconducting bolometer (VSB), read out with superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), can be biased with a sinusoidal voltage. We show that the load curves taken with AC- and DC-bias are nearly identical indicating that there is no identifiable degradation in the performance of the bolometer due to the AC bias. We discuss the use of a frequency-domain SQUID multiplexer with an array of VSB's that are AC-biased.
We describe a frequency domain superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexer which monitors a row of low-temperature sensors simultaneously with a single SQUID. Each sensor is ac biased with a unique frequency and all the sensor currents are added in a superconducting summing loop. A single SQUID measures the current in the summing loop, and the individual signals are lock-in detected after the room temperature SQUID electronics. The current in the summing loop is nulled by feedback to eliminate direct crosstalk. In order to avoid the accumulation of Johnson noise in the summing loop, a tuned bandpass filter is inserted in series with each sensor. For a 32-channel multiplexer for Voltage-biased Superconducting Bolometer (VSB) with a time constant {approx}1msec, we estimate that bias frequencies in the range from {approx}500kHz to {approx}600kHz are practical. The major limitation of our multiplexing scheme is in the slew rate of a readout SQUID. We discuss a ''carrier nulling'' technique which could be used to increase the number of sensors in a row or to multiplex faster bolometers by reducing the required slew rate for a readout SQUID.
We describe a frequency domain superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexer which monitors a row of low-temperature sensors simultaneously with a single SQUID. Each sensor is ac biased with a unique frequency and all the sensor currents are added in a superconducting summing loop. A single SQUID measures the current in the summing loop, and the individual signals are lock-in detected after the room temperature SQUID electronics. The current in the summing loop is nulled by feedback to eliminate direct crosstalk. In order to avoid the accumulation of Johnson noise in the summing loop, a tuned bandpass filter is inserted in series with each sensor. To multiplex 32 Voltage-biased Superconducting Bolometers (VSB) with 1 msec time constants a total bandwidth of 100 kHz is required. The minimum bias frequency is limited to ≳500 kHz by practical limitations in the size of photolithographed inductors and capacitors. The major limitation of our multiplexing scheme is in the slew rate of the readout SQUID. We discuss a “carrier nulling” technique which could be used to increase the number of sensors in a row or to multiplex faster bolometers by reducing the required slew rate for a readout SQUID.
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We describe the development of a frequency-domain superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexer which monitors a row of low-temperature sensors simultaneously with a single SQUID. Each sensor is ac biased with a unique frequency and all the sensor currents are added in a superconducting summing loop. A single SQUID measures the current in the summing loop, and the individual signals are lock-in detected after the room temperature SQUID electronics. The current in the summing loop is nulled by feedback to eliminate direct crosstalk. We have built an eight-channel prototype and demonstrated channel separation and signal recovery.
We describe the development of a frequency-domain multiplexer (MUX) to read out arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TES). Fabrication of large-format arrays of these sensors is becoming practical; however, reading out each sensor in the array is a major instrumental challenge that is possibly solved by frequency-domain multiplexing. Each sensor is AC biased at a different frequency, ranging from 380 kHz to 1 MHz. The sensor signal amplitude-modulates its respective AC bias frequency. An LC filter associated with each sensor suppresses Johnson noise from the other sensors. The signals are combined at a current summing node and measured by a single superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The individual signals from each sensor are then lock-in detected by room temperature electronics. Test chips with fully lithographed LC filters for up to 32 channels have been designed and fabricated. The capacitance and inductance values have been measured and are close to the design goals. We discuss the basic principles of frequency-domain multiplexing, the design and testing of the test chips, and the implementation of a practical system.
SRON is developing the Frequency Domain Multiplexing (FDM) read-out and the ultra low NEP TES bolometers array for the infra-red spectrometer SAFARI on board of the Japanese space mission SPICA. The FDM prototype of the instrument requires critical and complex optimizations. For single pixel characterization under AC bias we are developing a simple FDM system working in the frequency range from 1 to 5 MHz, based on the open loop read-out of a linearized two-stage SQUID amplifier and high Q lithographic LC resonators. We describe the details of the experimental set-up required to achieve low power loading (<1 fW) and low noise ( NEP∼10−19 W/Hz\mathrm{NEP}\sim 10^{-19}~\mathrm{W}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}NEP∼10−19 W/Hz​ ) in the TES bolometers. We conclude the paper by comparing the performance of a 4×10−19 W/Hz4\times 10^{-19}~\mathrm{W}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}4×10−19 W/Hz​ TES bolometer measured under DC and AC bias.