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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics

Cross-phase modulation due to a cascade of quadratic interactions in a PPLN waveguide

Carlo Liberale, Ilaria Cristiani, Vittorio Degiorgio, Marco Marangoni, G. Galzerano, Roberta Ramponi

Published May 1, 2006• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The cross-phase modulation of a weak signal has been obtained in a periodically poled lithium-niobate waveguide as a result of the quadratic interaction of the signal with the second harmonic of an intense pump field. The nonlinear phase acquired by the signal has been measured as a function of the pump field intensity and of the phase mismatch with the second harmonic field. The measurements have been performed with a properly designed experimental setup based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometric scheme, which proved to be quite insensitive to slow mechanical and thermal drifts. Numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental results.

DOI
10.1109/jstqe.2006.871928

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The cross-phase modulation of a weak signal has been obtained in a periodically poled lithium-niobate waveguide as a result of the quadratic interaction of the signal with the second harmonic of an intense pump field. The nonlinear phase acquired by the signal has been measured as a function of the pump field intensity and of the phase mismatch with the second harmonic field. The measurements have been performed with a properly designed experimental setup based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometric scheme, which proved to be quite insensitive to slow mechanical and thermal drifts. Numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental results.
We report on the measurement of nonlinear phase shift phiNL induced by a strong pump at wavelength lamda p on a weak signal at lamda s through a cascade of two second-order interactions in a periodically poled lithium-niobate waveguide. The experiment is performed by use of an interferometric scheme especially designed to be insensitive to slow mechanical and thermal drift effects. The observed behavior of phiNL as a function of pump power and of wavelength difference lamda p - lamda s, is in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
We propose and demonstrate phase-sensitive amplification based on cascaded second harmonic generation and difference frequency generation within a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide. Excellent agreement between our numerical simulations and proof-of-principle experiments using a 3-cm waveguide device operating at wavelengths around 1550 nm is obtained. Our experiments confirm the validity and practicality of the approach and illustrate the broad gain bandwidths achievable. Additional simulation results show that the maximum gain/attenuation factor increases quadratically with input pump power, reaching a value of +/- 19.0 dB at input pump powers of 33 dBm for a 3 cm-long waveguide. Increased gains/reduced powers for a fixed gain could be achieved using longer crystals.
Squeezed vacuum pulses up to $\ensuremath{-}1.7\text{ }\text{dB}$ at telecom-band $(\ensuremath{\sim}1550\text{ }\text{nm})$ is generated with femtosecond laser pulses using cascaded ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ optical nonlinearity in a periodically poled lithium niobate crystal placed in a Sagnac interferometer. In spite of group velocity mismatch at short laser pulse pumping, sufficient cascaded nonlinear wave mixing is obtainable at the wavelength shifted from the phase matching wavelength for second harmonic generation. The theoretical model prediction agrees well with the experimental results.
Phase-sensitive amplifiers (PSAs) have long been known to offer the possibility of amplification with a noise figure below the 3 dB quantum limit of phase insensitive amplifiers (PIA). Other advantages of the PSAs are the potential for optical signal processing, including all optical phase regeneration of phase encoded signals, dispersion compensation and coherent wavelength exchange. PSAs are usually demonstrated using highly nonlinear fibres as the nonlinear element. However, the use of cascaded sum- and difference-frequency generation (cSFG/DFG) of second-order nonlinearities in periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguides offers a number of attractive features relative to corresponding fibre based PSA implementations including the prospect of compact devices, large operational bandwidths and importantly a far greater immunity to the effects of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) of the pump beams which imposes performance limitations and adds complexity to silica fibre based PSA devices. Herein, we propose and demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally a new scheme for frequency non-degenerate PSA based on the cSHG/DFG process in a single PPLN waveguide.