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Optics Express

Energy exchange between two orthogonally polarized waves by cascading of two quasi-phase-matched quadratic processes

Benjamin F. Johnston, Peter Dekker, Solomon M. Saltiel, Yuri S. Kivshar, Michael J. Withford

Published Jan 1, 2007• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate energy exchange between two orthogonally polarized optical waves as a consequence of a two-color multistep parametric interaction. The energy exchange results from cascading of two quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic parametric processes, and it is intrinsically instantaneous. The effect is observed when both the type-I (ooe) second-harmonic generation process and higher QPM order type-0 (eee) second-harmonic generation processes are phase-matched simultaneously in a congruent periodically-poled lithium niobate crystal. The two second-harmonic generation processes share a common second-harmonic wave which couple the two cross-polarized fundamental components and facilitate an energy flow between them. We demonstrate a good agreement between the experimental data and the results of numerical simulations.

DOI
10.1364/oe.15.013630

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We demonstrate energy exchange between two orthogonally polarized optical waves as a consequence of a two-color multistep parametric interaction. The energy exchange results from cascading of two quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic parametric processes, and it is intrinsically instantaneous. The effect is observed when both the type-I (ooe) second-harmonic generation process and higher QPM order type-0 (eee) second-harmonic generation processes are phase-matched simultaneously in a congruent periodically-poled lithium niobate crystal. The two second-harmonic generation processes share a common second-harmonic wave which couple the two cross-polarized fundamental components and facilitate an energy flow between them. We demonstrate a good agreement between the experimental data and the results of numerical simulations.
We propose the generation of two-channel time-energy entangled twin photons based on two simultaneous first-order quasi-phase-matched (QPM) spontaneous parametric down-conversion processes in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) with a monochromatic pump. The theoretical model for the generation of the entangled photons is established, and the analytical solution is obtained in a lossless crystal with an undepleted pump assumption. The generated condition of entangled photons is achieved in terms of the QPM grating period and the pump wavelength. It is shown that two channels of entangled twin photons with different wavelengths can be created by suitably choosing the PPLN grating period once the pump wavelength is fixed, which provides the potential to introduce the wavelength division multiplexed technique into quantum information systems.
We experimentally demonstrate multiple copies of optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) states through quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic (SH) generation in a 2D periodically poled LiTaO3 (PPLT) crystal. Since the QPM condition is satisfied by involving different reciprocal vectors in the 2D PPLT crystal, collinear and noncollinear SH beams carrying OAMs of l2 are simultaneously generated by the input fundamental beam with an OAM of l1. The OAM conservation law (i.e., l2 = 2l1) holds well in the experiment, which can tolerate certain phase-mismatch between the interacting waves. Our results provide an efficient way to obtain multiple copies of the wavelength-converted OAM states, which can be used to enhance the capacity in optical communications.
We propose an adiabatic scheme for cascaded fourth-harmonic generation (FHG) in chirped dual-period quasi-phase-matched (QPM) crystals, where adiabatic evolution is introduced into the multi-step frequency conversion process. By engineering two chirped QPM gratings for the fundamental-to-second-harmonic ( FF → SH ) and second-to-fourth-harmonic ( SH → FH ) interactions, efficient harmonic generation is achieved through a continuous adiabatic passage in phase-mismatch space, rather than discrete phase-matching conditions in conventional QPM schemes. This approach enables robust and tunable energy transfer among harmonics, allowing controllable generation of second- and fourth-harmonic signals. Numerical results show a maximum FHG efficiency of 94% and a tunable bandwidth of ∼13 nm under realistic conditions. The tunability originates from the controlled shift of QPM resonances along the propagation direction.
We report that the optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) is conserved in the two-step cascaded nonlinear processes through quasi-phase-matched (QPM) in a dual-structure periodically poled LiTaO!(PPLT) crystal. Because of the different reciprocal vectors provided by the different structures in the crystal, collinear second harmonic (SH) beam with an OAM of l2 and third harmonic (TH) beam with an OAM of l3 are simultaneously generated by the input fundamental beam with an OAM of l1. The OAM conversion law (l2 = 2l1, l3 = 3l1) holds well in this nonlinear process. Our results provide an effective way to obtain three beams (fundamental beam, SH beam, TH beam) with different OAMs at the same time, which can be used to enhance the capacity of optical communication.
We report on wavelength-shifting based on cascaded second-order nonlinearities1 in periodically-poled lithium niobate. Wavelength shifting from a signal s at λs=λp+Δ to a frequency-shifted signal f at λf=λp−Δ is obtained under the action of a pump p at λp: the effect is realized through the generation of the second harmonic (sh) of p and subsequent parametric amplification of s driven by sh. In the latter process f is also generated. Exploiting the advantages of quasi-phase-matching, efficient shifting is achieved at pump intensities about two orders of magnitude lower than in traditional second-order materials such as BBO.2
An incomplete period of the last quasi-phase-matching (QPM) segment in a periodically poled nonlinear crystal represents a key problem in implementing a nonlinear wavelength-conversion device with round-trip or oscillating waves of interaction. Such a segment at the crystal end implies broken QPM periodicity for the reflected waves of interaction. We demonstrate numerically that with a grating structure at the crystal end for the reflecting signal the wavelength-dependent phase shift at Bragg reflection can compensate for the phase mismatch of the reflected signal, idler, and pump of an optical parametric process. Therefore, by slightly shifting the signal wavelength we can maintain the phase-matching condition with any length of the last QPM segment. It is shown that with a grating structure the conversion efficiency of the round-trip optical parametric process can always be optimized.