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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

Superconducting multiple loop quantum interferometers

Jörg Oppenländer, T. Träuble, Ch. Häussler, Nils Schopohl

Published Mar 1, 2001• 48 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present experimental results on the magnetic field B dependent voltage response V(B) of a number of N resistively shunted Josephson junctions connected in parallel by a multiple loop network. For an appropriate distribution of the array loop sizes, such networks constitute superconducting quantum interference filters (SQIFs) with voltage response functions V(B) that are not /spl Phi//sub 0/-periodic. The voltage response of SQIFs is a unique function around a global minimum at B=0 that has a high sensitivity and a low noise level. In contrast to conventional superconducting quantum interference devices, SQIFs can be directly employed as highly sensitive magnetometers allowing the absolute measurement of magnetic fields. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions on which basis the SQIF has been fabricated, All findings suggest that superconducting quantum interference filters may allow the design of novel superconducting devices.

DOI
10.1109/77.919581

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We present experimental results on the magnetic field B dependent voltage response V(B) of a number of N resistively shunted Josephson junctions connected in parallel by a multiple loop network. For an appropriate distribution of the array loop sizes, such networks constitute superconducting quantum interference filters (SQIFs) with voltage response functions V(B) that are not /spl Phi//sub 0/-periodic. The voltage response of SQIFs is a unique function around a global minimum at B=0 that has a high sensitivity and a low noise level. In contrast to conventional superconducting quantum interference devices, SQIFs can be directly employed as highly sensitive magnetometers allowing the absolute measurement of magnetic fields. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the theoretical predictions on which basis the SQIF has been fabricated, All findings suggest that superconducting quantum interference filters may allow the design of novel superconducting devices.
We have successfully developed a novel superconducting quantum interferometer based on Josephson junction networks with unconventional loop size distribution. For distinct theoretically determined distributions, the magnetic field B dependent dc voltage V(B) of the interferometer possesses a unique delta-peak like characteristics around B=0. Such devices are called Superconducting Quantum Interference Filters (SQIFs). The unique voltage response of SQIFs allows novel applications, e.g., absolute magnetic field sensors, high speed logical switches and non hysteretic low noise amplifiers which can be directly connected to standard room temperature electronics. In this paper we present new experimental and theoretical results on high performance two dimensional Superconducting Quantum Interference Filters (2D SQIFs). Such 2D SQIFs can be used as absolute magnetic field sensors. Our results indicate that due to the scaling behavior of the flux to voltage transfer function and the scaling of the white output noise, a highly sensitive absolute field sensor based on 2D SQIFs can be very small in size.
The superconducting quantum interference filter (SQIF) is a new type of superconducting device which has been recently proposed for highly sensitive magnetometers for absolute magnetic field measurements. It benefits of very high voltage-to-field response, which is, in contrast conventional dc SQUIDs, not periodical. The SQIF can also be used as a radiofrequency amplifier in a similar way as the dc SQUID that can operate in a gigahertz frequency range. We designed a series type of SQIF amplifier that is compatible to conventional YBa2Cu3O7(YBCO) technology on bicrystal substrates. We present analytical, numerical and scale modeling as well as first electrical measurements results at frequencies up to 10 GHz. The SQIF array consists of 50 loops with randomly distributed areas from 0.5 to 1.5 times of . We also compared it to the regular array of conventional SQUIDs with the same loop areas. We have additional dc contacts to each 5-th SQUIDs and the SQIFs for control and comparison. Devices are fabricated using Josephson junctions with 3 mum width formed in YBCO over 24/24 and 12/12 degrees grain boundaries in yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) bicrystal substrates.
Superconducting quantum interference filter (SQIF) is an array of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) with different loop sizes. Such a device is capable of providing a much higher transfer factor and much higher magnetic field sensitivity with respect to those of single SQUID. Series niobium nitride (NbN) SQIF containing 400 SQUIDs with randomly varied loop areas and epitaxial NbN/AlN/NbN Josephson junctions have been developed, fabricated, and measured at helium temperature. The device shows a nonperiodic voltage response with a single sharp peak at zero magnetic field. The measured magnetic flux to voltage trans fer factor reaches 37.8 mV/Φ0at 4.2 K.
We present a theoretical study on the voltage response function 〈V〉 of series arrays of dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) for which the elementary dc SQUID loops vary in size and, possibly, in orientation. If the distribution of the array loop sizes is chosen according to an arithmetic relation, 〈V〉 is not a Φ0-periodic function of the strength of external magnetic field B. For arithmetic arrays the periodicity of 〈V〉 is controlled by the geometry of the array alone and does not depend on spreads in the array junction parameters. If small fluctuations are added to the loop size distribution, 〈V〉 becomes a unique function around a global minimum at B=0 without possessing significant additional minima for finite B. This filter property does not apply for conventional SQUIDs and series arrays of identical or nearly identical SQUID loops. Applications of arithmetic series arrays include the design of current amplifiers and novel quantum interference filters, which possess large voltage swing and low noise level. In particular, quantum interference filters should provide a rather simple and extremely sensitive measurement of the absolute strength of magnetic fields.
Series arrays of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) with incommensurate loop areas, so-called superconducting quantum interference filters (SQIFs), are investigated in the kilohertz and the gigahertz frequency range. In SQIFs made of high-Tc bicrystal junctions the flux-to-voltage response ∂V/∂Φ is dominated by the variation in the critical current in the individual junctions (Fraunhofer-type) rather than by the SQUIDs interference. For a SQIF with 20 SQUID loops we find ∂V/∂Φ=40 mV/Φ0 and a dynamic range of more than 60 dB in the kilohertz range. In the 1–2 GHz range the estimated power gain is 20 dB and the magnetic flux noise level is as low as 10−4Φ0.
We have studied superconducting quantum interference filters (SQIFs) based on bicrystal neodymium gallate substrates, which can be used in the microwave frequency range. The characteristics of a serial SQIF have been compared for the first time with those of a single superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and a chain of serially connected SQUIDs with equal areas of superconducting loops. The regime of SQIF operation with a voltage-flux ( V -Φ) characteristic determined by the magnetic-field dependence of the critical current in the Josephson junction has been analyzed. It is shown that the output noise of a SQIF measured with a cooled amplifier in the 1–2 GHz range is determined by the slope of the V -Φ characteristic. The influence of a spread in the parameters of Josephson junctions in the SQIF on the integral V -Φ characteristic of the whole structure is considered.