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International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA)

The generation of shared cryptographic keys through half duplex channel impulse response estimation at 60 GHz

Michael A. Forman, Derek Young

Published Sep 1, 2010• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Methods to generate private keys based on wireless channel characteristics have been proposed as an alternative to standard key-management schemes. In this paper, we discuss recent results in the implementation of a system for the generation of private keys for cryptographic communications using channel impulse-response estimation at 60 GHz. The testbed is composed of commercial millimeter-wave VubIQ transceivers, laboratory equipment, and software implemented in MATLAB. Novel cognitive enhancements are demonstrated, using channel estimation to dynamically change system parameters and estimate cryptographic key strength. We show for a complex channel that secret key generation can be accomplished on the order of 100 kb/s.

DOI
10.1109/iceaa.2010.5652964

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In scenarios where standard key-management schemes are infeasible, methods to generate private keys based on wireless channel characteristics have been proposed. In this paper, we discuss recent results in the implementation of a full-duplex system for the generation of private keys for cryptographic communications using channel impulse-response estimation at 60 GHz. The full duplex system is composed of two transceivers implemented with commercial millimeter-wave VubIQ transceivers, laboratory equipment, and software implemented in MATLAB. Near simultaneous channel measurements in complex environments are presented with differences in the measured response quantified.

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The Creation of Shared Cryptographic Keys through Channel Impulse Response Estimation at 60 GHz.

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We propose the demonstration of a research test bed capable of generating private cryptographic keys based on measured wireless channel characteristics at 60GHz. The test bed is composed of commercial millimeter-wave VubIQ transceivers, laboratory equipment, and software implemented in MATLAB. Novel cognitive enhancements will be demonstrated, which use channel estimation by correlation to dynamically change system parameters and estimate cryptographic key strength.

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Methods to generate private keys based on wireless channel characteristics have been proposed as an alternative to standard key-management schemes.In this paper, we discuss past work in the field and offer a generalized scheme for the generation of private keys using uncorrelated channels in multiple domains.Proposed cognitive enhancements measure channel coherence, to dynamically change transmission and reception parameters as well as estimate private key strength and expiration time.We evaluate a proof-of-concept implementation of this system in software using a channel model that provides variation in multiple domains. I. INTRODUCTIONFor a wireless communications link to be secure, it must provide data confidentiality and integrity during transmission.The principal method through which this is achieved is the use of cryptography, of which there are generally two types, public key [1] and private key [2].Public-key cryptography is a method for secret communication between two parties without the requirement of an initial exchange of secret keys.It employs a pair of keys, one private, which is held secret, and one public, which is distributed.Messages are encrypted with the recipient's public key and decrypted with the recipient's corresponding private key.Public-key cryptography is thus relatively unencumbered with key-exchange difficulties and key-interception vulnerabilities, however it is computationally intensive.Private-key cryptography is a method for secret communication between two parties that requires an initial exchange of a single shared secret key.Messages are encrypted by the sender and decrypted by the recipient using this same shared key.Private-key cryptography is less computationally intensive than public-key cryptography, however key distribution and management are problematic.Key distribution risks that the secret key will be intercepted during transmission.Key management requires the generation and transport of a different key for each communicating party [3].

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Secret key generation based on wireless channel reciprocity is a promising area of research towards ensuring secure wireless communication. In this paper, we propose a method of generating secret keys using channel diversity obtained via millimeter wave (mmWave) beamforming at 60 GHz. The pro-posed method is simulated using the QuaDRiGa channel model considering an industrial nonline of sight (NLOS) environment. We verify the method by conducting experiments using a 60 GHz software-defined-radio (SDR) communication system with a linear phased-array-antenna of 16 dual patch elements. Further, we present a composite key generation method in which both the real and imaginary parts of the channel state information (CSI) are utilised, and several sub-keys obtained from individual beam directions are appended. As a result, we can generate long composite keys with high entropy and secrecy. The keys randomness are assessed employing the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical test suite, showing the generated keys are highly random.

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•Jan 1, 2015•1 citation
Methods to generate private keys based on wireless channel characteristics have been proposed as an alternative to standard key-management schemes. In this paper, we discuss recent results in the implementation of a system for the generation of private keys for cryptographic communications using channel impulse-response estimation at 60 GHz. The testbed is composed of commercial millimeter-wave VubIQ transceivers, laboratory equipment, and software implemented in MATLAB. Novel cognitive enhancements are demonstrated, using channel estimation to dynamically change system parameters and estimate cryptographic key strength. We show for a complex channel that secret key generation can be accomplished on the order of 100 kb/s.
In scenarios where standard key-management schemes are infeasible, methods to generate private keys based on wireless channel characteristics have been proposed. In this paper, we discuss recent results in the implementation of a full-duplex system for the generation of private keys for cryptographic communications using channel impulse-response estimation at 60 GHz. The full duplex system is composed of two transceivers implemented with commercial millimeter-wave VubIQ transceivers, laboratory equipment, and software implemented in MATLAB. Near simultaneous channel measurements in complex environments are presented with differences in the measured response quantified.
Methods to generate private keys based on wireless channel characteristics have been proposed as an alternative to standard key-management schemes.In this paper, we discuss past work in the field and offer a generalized scheme for the generation of private keys using uncorrelated channels in multiple domains.Proposed cognitive enhancements measure channel coherence, to dynamically change transmission and reception parameters as well as estimate private key strength and expiration time.We evaluate a proof-of-concept implementation of this system in software using a channel model that provides variation in multiple domains. I. INTRODUCTIONFor a wireless communications link to be secure, it must provide data confidentiality and integrity during transmission.The principal method through which this is achieved is the use of cryptography, of which there are generally two types, public key [1] and private key [2].Public-key cryptography is a method for secret communication between two parties without the requirement of an initial exchange of secret keys.It employs a pair of keys, one private, which is held secret, and one public, which is distributed.Messages are encrypted with the recipient's public key and decrypted with the recipient's corresponding private key.Public-key cryptography is thus relatively unencumbered with key-exchange difficulties and key-interception vulnerabilities, however it is computationally intensive.Private-key cryptography is a method for secret communication between two parties that requires an initial exchange of a single shared secret key.Messages are encrypted by the sender and decrypted by the recipient using this same shared key.Private-key cryptography is less computationally intensive than public-key cryptography, however key distribution and management are problematic.Key distribution risks that the secret key will be intercepted during transmission.Key management requires the generation and transport of a different key for each communicating party [3].
Secret key generation based on wireless channel reciprocity is a promising area of research towards ensuring secure wireless communication. In this paper, we propose a method of generating secret keys using channel diversity obtained via millimeter wave (mmWave) beamforming at 60 GHz. The pro-posed method is simulated using the QuaDRiGa channel model considering an industrial nonline of sight (NLOS) environment. We verify the method by conducting experiments using a 60 GHz software-defined-radio (SDR) communication system with a linear phased-array-antenna of 16 dual patch elements. Further, we present a composite key generation method in which both the real and imaginary parts of the channel state information (CSI) are utilised, and several sub-keys obtained from individual beam directions are appended. As a result, we can generate long composite keys with high entropy and secrecy. The keys randomness are assessed employing the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical test suite, showing the generated keys are highly random.
It has been shown that the radio channel impulse response for a pair of legitimate Ultra-wide band (UWB) transceivers can be used to generate secret keys for secure communications. Past proposed secret key generation algorithms under-exploited the available number of secret key bits from the radio channel. This paper proposes a new efficient method for generation of the shared key where the transceivers use LDPC decoders to resolve the differences in their channel impulse response measurements caused by measurement noise. To ensure secret key agreement, a method of public discussion between the two users is performed using the syndrome from Hamming (7,3) binary codes. An algorithm is proposed to check the equality of generated keys for both legitimate users, and ensure error-free secure communication. The security of this algorithm has been verified by AVISPA. Comparisons are performed with previous work on secret key generation and it has been shown that this algorithm reliably generates longer secret keys in standard UWB radio channels.
As an alternative and appealing approach to providing information security in wireless communication systems, secret key generation at physical layer has demonstrated its potential in terms of efficiency and reliability over traditional cryptographic methods. Without the necessity of a management centre for key distribution or reliance on computational complexity, physical layer key generation protocols enable two wireless entities to extract identical and dynamic keys from the randomness of the wireless channels associated with them.\nIn this thesis, the reliability of secret key generation at the physical layer is examined in practical wireless channels with imperfect channel state information (CSI). Theoretical analyses are provided to relate key match rate with channel's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), degrees of channel reciprocity, and iterations of information reconciliation.\nIn order to increase key match rate of physical layer secret key generation, improved schemes in the steps of channel estimation and sample quantization are proposed respectively. In the channel estimation step, multiple observations of the wireless channels are integrated with a linear processor to provide a synthesized and more accurate estimation of the wireless channel. In the sample quantization step, a magnitude based quantization method with two thresholds is proposed to quantize partial samples, where specific quantization areas are selected to reduce cross-over errors. Significant improvements in key match rate are proven for both schemes in theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. Key match rate can even achieve 100% in both schemes with the assistance of information reconciliation process.\nIn the end, a practical application of physical layer secret key generation is presented, where dynamic keys extracted from the wireless channels are utilized for securing secret data transmission and providing efficient access control.