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Monte Carlo Methods and Applications

A class of probabilistic models for the Schrödinger equation

Wolfgang Wagner

Published Apr 24, 2015• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract A class of stochastic particle models for the spatially discretized time-dependent Schrödinger equation is constructed. Each particle is characterized by a complex-valued weight and a position. The particle weights change according to some deterministic rules between the jumps. The jumps are determined by the creation of offspring. The main result is that certain functionals of the particle systems satisfy the Schrödinger equation. The proofs are based on the theory of piecewise deterministic Markov processes.

DOI
10.1515/mcma-2014-0014

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Abstract A class of stochastic particle models for the spatially discretized time-dependent Schrödinger equation is constructed. Each particle is characterized by a complex-valued weight and a position. The particle weights change according to some deterministic rules between the jumps. The jumps are determined by the creation of offspring. The main result is that certain functionals of the particle systems satisfy the Schrödinger equation. The proofs are based on the theory of piecewise deterministic Markov processes.
A class of stochastic particle models for the spatially discretized time-dependent Schrödinger equation is constructed. Each particle is characterized by a complex-valued weight and a position. The particle weights change according to some deterministic rules between the jumps. The jumps are determined by the creation of offspring. The main result is that certain functionals of the particle systems satisfy the Schrödinger equation. The proofs are based on the theory of piecewise deterministic Markov processes.
The paper is concerned with the construction of astochastic model for the spatially discretizedtime-dependent Schrödinger equation.The model is based on a particle system witha Markov jump evolution.The particles are characterized by a sign (plus or minus),a position (discrete grid) and a type (real or imaginary).The jumps are determined by the creation of offspring.The main result is the construction of a family of complex-valued randomvariables such that their expectedvalues coincide with the solution of theSchrödinger equation.
In this article, the following results are obtained: the process of a randomly wandering particle having a size and a continuous trajectory of motion is considered; (b) based on the study of this probabilistic process, a derivation of the Schrodinger equation is proposed; the Planck constant h is expressed in terms of the characteristics of the stationary stochastic process under consideration; the probability distribution density of the n-order derivative for a n-times differentiable stationary stochastic process is determined; it is shown that the obtained generalized Schrodinger equation is applicable not only to describe the possible states of microcosm objects, but also for discrete states of a number of macrocosm stochastic systems
Introduction. There exists a very comprehensive theory concerning the time development of probabilistic systems. This is the Theory of Stochastic processes (1). Quantum mechanics as described by the Schrödinger equation rests very heavily on probabilistic interpretation, and yet, after forty years of remarkably rapid advances and successes, it is not clear how it is related to stochastic theory. The formal similarity of certain aspects of, and equations used in these two theories are well known. The diffusion equation corresponds to the Schrödinger equation, a correspondence only marred by a square root of minus unity appearing with the time derivative in the latter equation. The Kolmogoroff–Chapman relation for probabilities in Brownian motion has an analogue (2) in quantum mechanics, not for probabilities though, but for the complex probability amplitudes. The uncertainty relation also has a stochastic analogue (3). Some of these analogous characteristics are actually symptomatic of the gulf which separates these two theories. There are solutions to the diffusion equation which have a very clear physical probabilistic meaning. This is not the case with the corresponding and formally similar solutions to the Schrödinger equation and is partly due to the √ − 1 mentioned earlier. The probabilistic interpretation of the solutions to the diffusion equation is direct and immediate. On the other hand, the probabilistic interpretation of the solutions, ψ of the Schrödinger equation involve the introduction of the probability density, p = ψ*ψ. One great difference between these two theories lies in their each having distinct principles of linear superposition. In Stochastic Theory probabilities are superposed and in quantum mechanics amplitudes or wave functions are superposed.
In the literature, stochastic approaches employed to derive the Schrodinger equation seem to focus on the idea of a classical spatial density which depends on time and space ie. density(x,t). As a result, d/dt (partial) density appears in various equations such as the continuity and Focker Planck equations. At one point in the derivation the quantum wavefunction is introduced “mathematically” as W(x,t)=sqrt(density(x,t)) exp(i S(x,t)) where S is related to a velocity field through u(x,t)=velocity= d/dx S. From quantum mechanics, -Et becomes a term of S the velocity field. The stochastic/hydrodynamical approaches employ the term du/dt partial = d/dt (partial) d/dx S and then “pull out”” d/dx leaving d/dt (partial) S which yields -E average energy from the -Et term. In this note we argue that for a bound quantum state density(x) so d/dt (partial) density = 0, yet the statistical ideas of quantum mechanics should be present in such a case. Furthermore for the free particle wavefunction exp(ipx-iEt), density=1. In fact, the Schrodinger equation should follow for a free particle even the case of density=1. Stochastic processes seem to be based on equations which consider a change in classical spatial density at a point x in time due to flow in or out or stochastic changes. Quantum processes seem to deal with periodic probability changes from one dimension to another exp(ipx) (2 dimensions) which are somehow related to a physical process of momentum flow. Ultimately one links this process to an energy conservation which does not seem to be the same as a classical stochastic/hydrodynamical approach. In this note we argue that a free particle with a constant momentum p has periodic stochastic processes associated with it through its complex probability change in the region of its wavelength, but that these are linked to creating the momentum p. Furthermore momentum is linked to energy so we argue that the Schrodinger equation is a stochastic equation linking energy and momentum and that time and space are separated i.e. there is no situation of following a change in spatial density in time for a free particle with momentum p. For a bound state, one has a distribution of free particles, but again time is removed from the problem in the sense that it only appears in exp(-iEt) in the wavefunction to again establish a relationship between energy and average momentum and potential. There is again no nonzero d/dt (partial) density term which seems to be key in stochastic equations. Only if one takes a linear combination of energy eigenstates Sum over En an(En) exp(-iEnt) Wn(x) does one obtain the form density(x,t), but we argue that quantum features should already appear in exp(ipx) and the bound state scenario with a zero d/dt (partial) density(x,t). We argue, however, that the Schrodinger equation and fundamental stochastic ideas of quantum mechanics should already be present at the level of exp(ipx).