Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Application

An Entropy-Approach to the Duality Property

Salama Abdelhady

Published Jan 1, 2011• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

According to a previously introduced entropy approach, it is possible to clarify the confusions of the duality concept that electrons and light may behave as waves or particles. In other words, the electron is clearly defined in this paper as a particle and the light is neatly defined as waves. Such an approach considered the flow of electric charges as a flow of ionized waves and the magnetic flux as electromagnetic waves of magnetic potential. By a similar entropy approach, the particle’s kinetic energy is defined also as electromagnetic waves. So, the electron can be defined as an energized particle whose electric charge, magnetic energy and kinetic energy are forms of electromagnetic waves. According to these definitions and similarity of the mechanisms and laws characterizing the flow of mass and energy in general, the flow of electrons can be postulated as a simultaneous flow of two energy-components; particulized energy and wave energy. Hence, the electron doesn’t have a dual nature. Rather, its behavior as a particle or as waves depends on the relative contributions of such components in the electron’s flow. Reviewing the results of de-Broglie’s experiments, it is possible to consider the flow of any particles as a simultaneous flow of waves and particles. Introducing the definition of the flow of electric charges as ionized waves, the photoelectric-effect can be postulated as an ionization process of the incident radiation during its reflection into an electric field. Similarly, the photovoltaic phenomena are postulated as a result of a photorefractive effect that may induce an electric potential into the incident radiation when crossing the electrically biased p-n junctions of photocells. Such postulates eliminate the confusing particle-property of light and prove that light has a wave-nature only. The truth of the introduced postulates is proven through finding plausible explanation of the sintering phenomena and thermoelectricity. Finally, this paper succeeded in introducing plausible explanations of results of Thompson’s experiment and other phenomena that end the confusions in defining the true nature of light and electrons as waves and particles.

DOI
10.4236/jemaa.2011.36036

Related papers

Analyzing the Duality Concept through an Entropy Approach

S. Abdelhady, M. Abdelhady

According to a previously introduced entropy approach; the flow of electric charges was defined as a flow of electromagnetic waves that has an electric potential. Similarly; the magnetic flux was defined as a flow of electromagnetic waves that has a magnetic potential. By a similar entropy approach, particle's kinetic energy is defined also as electromagnetic waves. So: the electron can be defined as an energized particle whose electric charge, magnetic energy and kinetic energy are electromagnetic waves. According to such definition and to the found similarity of the mechanisms and laws of mass and energy diffusions in additions to the Einstein’s principle of mass-energy equivalence; the flow ofelectrons can be postulated as a simultaneous flow of two energy components; particulized energy and wave energy. Hence; the electron hasn’t a dual nature but its behavior as a particle or as wave depends on the relative values of its two components in each flow. Truth of the introduced postulates is proved through finding also plausible explanation of thesintering phenomena and de-Broglie hypothesis.

International Conference on Aerospace Sciences and Aviation Technology•May 1, 2011•1 citation

Comments on Einstein’s Explanation of Electrons, Photons, and the Photo-Electric Effect

Salama Abdelhady

According to an entropy approach and by reviewing the similarity between laws characterizing the flow of heat and electric charges, electric charges were defined as electromagnetic waves that possess an electrical potential or simply as ionized photons. Accordingly, the flow of electrons was defined as a simultaneous flow of particulate energy and wave energy. Such definitions led to clear the confusions of duality properties of electrons and light waves, conflicts in the SI system of units and to explain the difference between the calculated drift speed of electrons and the speed of electricity or charges in conductors. However, Einstein considered the electron to be a negative charge of unknown nature during his analysis of the photoelectric effect. Einstein presented his hypothesis that light may behave as a particle to find a plausible explanation of the photoelectric effect. He found the measured cutoff frequency of light below which light might not eject electrons from metal-surfaces in photocells regardless of how much light is shone on the surface as a proof of truth of his hypothesis. Such frequency may be explained also, according to the previously introduced definitions, as the minimum energy quanta that may gain a quantized potential in photocells. This explanation may find plausible explanations of the found measurements of the photoelectric effects for different metal surfaces, stopping voltages into photocells and the photoelectric effect of X-rays. Einstein’s hypothesis of the photoelectric effect failed to find plausible explanations of such measurement results. According to the principles of conservation of momentum, there is a minimum quantity of photons that may lead to bouncing an atomic electron out of its orbit. So, considering Einstein’s theory as a perfect hypothesis that explains the photoelectric effect may be a misconception.

Applied Physics Research•Oct 30, 2011•13 citations

A Substitute to the Quantum Theory by an Entropy Approach

Salama Abdelhady

Following an entropy approach that replaced time by entropy in Maxwell's wave equation and reviewing experimental results, it was possible to prove a unique nature of electrons as particles, a unique nature of light as waves and to end the duality confusion. Additionally, the postulate of energy quantization into quanta each of magnitude "hv " is proved as a conflict to the energy's nature as electromagnetic waves. Such conclusions led to violating main postulates of the quantum theory. Similarly, Schrodinger's equation that was introduced as a foundation of quantum mechanics to protest the duality confusions looses its meaning as the electron has a unique nature. According to the introduced entropy approach and measurement results, the photoelectric effect is found as a thermoelectric effect whose efficiency may approach the efficiency of Carnot cycle. Such conclusion violates the analysis of Shockley and Queisser that depends on the quantum approach and predicted an experimentally broken efficiency limit. As a conclusion, it is found that the entropy principles and the introduced entropy approach are rather realistic in microscopic analysis of thermodynamic systems when compared to the reviewed quantum theory.

The International Conference on Mathematics and Engineering Physics/The International Conference on Mathematics and Engineering Physics•May 1, 2014•2 citations

Waves and Particles

Daniel D. Pollock

Einstein assumed duality between radiation and particles. Experiments involving electrons and diffraction effects are described to illustrate such behaviors. Classical physics and Einstein’s findings unmistakably demonstrated that light possessed both wave and particle properties. The responses of electrons in electric and magnetic fields are evidence for their existence as charged particles. The relationship between particle- and wave-like behavior was given by de Broglie in 1924. The dual nature of electrons was demonstrated experimentally by Davisson and Germer, when studying the diffraction of a stream of electrons. The reflection or diffraction of a beam of electromagnetic radiation can be expected to change its intensity, but changes in its wavelength would not ordinarily be anticipated. Photons and electrons may be described in terms of waves, but this approach has inherent limitations. The greater the attempt that is made to study the nature or behavior of a photon or a particle, the greater will be the uncertainty or error of the measurements.

CRC Press eBooks•Oct 1, 2020•0 citations

Duality of Light and Matter

Z. Ficek

Arguments about particles or waves gave way to a recognized need for both particles and waves in the description of radiation. The confusion over particle versus wave properties was resolved by Louis de Broglie. He postulated that since light has a dual wave–particle nature, matter also has this nature. The idea was to perform a diffraction experiment with electrons. An interference pattern was demonstrated not only with electrons, but also with many kinds of material particles like protons and neutrons. However, any attempt to observe an interference pattern with neutral atoms was found difficult by the fact that atoms carried no charge as electrons do and could not penetrate through condensate matter like neutrons. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the smallest orbit turns out to be exactly equal to the circumference of the orbit predicted by Bohr. The interpretation of the interference phenomenon becomes more subtle when the light beams are replaced by individual photons or particles.

•Mar 3, 2017•0 citations

Innovative understanding of the duality confusion, the photovoltaic and magnetocaloric effects

Salama Abdelhady

Innovation in engineering requires clear understanding of physics of the concerned phenomena in any engineering application. This article gives clear scientific answers of two disturbing questions concerning fundamental phenomena in any electromagnetic system: “Is the light a flow of waves or particles?” and “Is the electric current a flow of particles or waves?” Such answers solve a puzzle in physics literature called the duality confusion and lead to innovative understandings of two interesting phenomena; the photovoltaic and magnetocaloric effects. Having such innovative understanding, it was possible to introduce in this paper verified concepts to robust designs of multijunction solar cells, optical fibers and magnetocaloric refrigerators. It was also possible to introduce a universal system of units that deletes redundancies in the SI system of units. At the end; it was shown that the results of Faraday’s experiment, known as Faraday’s effect, represent a proof of the introduced innovative understanding.

Ain Shams Engineering Journal•Jun 24, 2017•10 citations
According to a previously introduced entropy approach, it is possible to clarify the confusions of the duality concept that electrons and light may behave as waves or particles. In other words, the electron is clearly defined in this paper as a particle and the light is neatly defined as waves. Such an approach considered the flow of electric charges as a flow of ionized waves and the magnetic flux as electromagnetic waves of magnetic potential. By a similar entropy approach, the particle’s kinetic energy is defined also as electromagnetic waves. So, the electron can be defined as an energized particle whose electric charge, magnetic energy and kinetic energy are forms of electromagnetic waves. According to these definitions and similarity of the mechanisms and laws characterizing the flow of mass and energy in general, the flow of electrons can be postulated as a simultaneous flow of two energy-components; particulized energy and wave energy. Hence, the electron doesn’t have a dual nature. Rather, its behavior as a particle or as waves depends on the relative contributions of such components in the electron’s flow. Reviewing the results of de-Broglie’s experiments, it is possible to consider the flow of any particles as a simultaneous flow of waves and particles. Introducing the definition of the flow of electric charges as ionized waves, the photoelectric-effect can be postulated as an ionization process of the incident radiation during its reflection into an electric field. Similarly, the photovoltaic phenomena are postulated as a result of a photorefractive effect that may induce an electric potential into the incident radiation when crossing the electrically biased p-n junctions of photocells. Such postulates eliminate the confusing particle-property of light and prove that light has a wave-nature only. The truth of the introduced postulates is proven through finding plausible explanation of the sintering phenomena and thermoelectricity. Finally, this paper succeeded in introducing plausible explanations of results of Thompson’s experiment and other phenomena that end the confusions in defining the true nature of light and electrons as waves and particles.
According to a previously introduced entropy approach; the flow of electric charges was defined as a flow of electromagnetic waves that has an electric potential. Similarly; the magnetic flux was defined as a flow of electromagnetic waves that has a magnetic potential. By a similar entropy approach, particle's kinetic energy is defined also as electromagnetic waves. So: the electron can be defined as an energized particle whose electric charge, magnetic energy and kinetic energy are electromagnetic waves. According to such definition and to the found similarity of the mechanisms and laws of mass and energy diffusions in additions to the Einstein’s principle of mass-energy equivalence; the flow ofelectrons can be postulated as a simultaneous flow of two energy components; particulized energy and wave energy. Hence; the electron hasn’t a dual nature but its behavior as a particle or as wave depends on the relative values of its two components in each flow. Truth of the introduced postulates is proved through finding also plausible explanation of thesintering phenomena and de-Broglie hypothesis.
According to an entropy approach and by reviewing the similarity between laws characterizing the flow of heat and electric charges, electric charges were defined as electromagnetic waves that possess an electrical potential or simply as ionized photons. Accordingly, the flow of electrons was defined as a simultaneous flow of particulate energy and wave energy. Such definitions led to clear the confusions of duality properties of electrons and light waves, conflicts in the SI system of units and to explain the difference between the calculated drift speed of electrons and the speed of electricity or charges in conductors. However, Einstein considered the electron to be a negative charge of unknown nature during his analysis of the photoelectric effect. Einstein presented his hypothesis that light may behave as a particle to find a plausible explanation of the photoelectric effect. He found the measured cutoff frequency of light below which light might not eject electrons from metal-surfaces in photocells regardless of how much light is shone on the surface as a proof of truth of his hypothesis. Such frequency may be explained also, according to the previously introduced definitions, as the minimum energy quanta that may gain a quantized potential in photocells. This explanation may find plausible explanations of the found measurements of the photoelectric effects for different metal surfaces, stopping voltages into photocells and the photoelectric effect of X-rays. Einstein’s hypothesis of the photoelectric effect failed to find plausible explanations of such measurement results. According to the principles of conservation of momentum, there is a minimum quantity of photons that may lead to bouncing an atomic electron out of its orbit. So, considering Einstein’s theory as a perfect hypothesis that explains the photoelectric effect may be a misconception.
Following an entropy approach that replaced time by entropy in Maxwell's wave equation and reviewing experimental results, it was possible to prove a unique nature of electrons as particles, a unique nature of light as waves and to end the duality confusion. Additionally, the postulate of energy quantization into quanta each of magnitude "hv " is proved as a conflict to the energy's nature as electromagnetic waves. Such conclusions led to violating main postulates of the quantum theory. Similarly, Schrodinger's equation that was introduced as a foundation of quantum mechanics to protest the duality confusions looses its meaning as the electron has a unique nature. According to the introduced entropy approach and measurement results, the photoelectric effect is found as a thermoelectric effect whose efficiency may approach the efficiency of Carnot cycle. Such conclusion violates the analysis of Shockley and Queisser that depends on the quantum approach and predicted an experimentally broken efficiency limit. As a conclusion, it is found that the entropy principles and the introduced entropy approach are rather realistic in microscopic analysis of thermodynamic systems when compared to the reviewed quantum theory.
Einstein assumed duality between radiation and particles. Experiments involving electrons and diffraction effects are described to illustrate such behaviors. Classical physics and Einstein’s findings unmistakably demonstrated that light possessed both wave and particle properties. The responses of electrons in electric and magnetic fields are evidence for their existence as charged particles. The relationship between particle- and wave-like behavior was given by de Broglie in 1924. The dual nature of electrons was demonstrated experimentally by Davisson and Germer, when studying the diffraction of a stream of electrons. The reflection or diffraction of a beam of electromagnetic radiation can be expected to change its intensity, but changes in its wavelength would not ordinarily be anticipated. Photons and electrons may be described in terms of waves, but this approach has inherent limitations. The greater the attempt that is made to study the nature or behavior of a photon or a particle, the greater will be the uncertainty or error of the measurements.
Arguments about particles or waves gave way to a recognized need for both particles and waves in the description of radiation. The confusion over particle versus wave properties was resolved by Louis de Broglie. He postulated that since light has a dual wave–particle nature, matter also has this nature. The idea was to perform a diffraction experiment with electrons. An interference pattern was demonstrated not only with electrons, but also with many kinds of material particles like protons and neutrons. However, any attempt to observe an interference pattern with neutral atoms was found difficult by the fact that atoms carried no charge as electrons do and could not penetrate through condensate matter like neutrons. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the smallest orbit turns out to be exactly equal to the circumference of the orbit predicted by Bohr. The interpretation of the interference phenomenon becomes more subtle when the light beams are replaced by individual photons or particles.
Innovation in engineering requires clear understanding of physics of the concerned phenomena in any engineering application. This article gives clear scientific answers of two disturbing questions concerning fundamental phenomena in any electromagnetic system: “Is the light a flow of waves or particles?” and “Is the electric current a flow of particles or waves?” Such answers solve a puzzle in physics literature called the duality confusion and lead to innovative understandings of two interesting phenomena; the photovoltaic and magnetocaloric effects. Having such innovative understanding, it was possible to introduce in this paper verified concepts to robust designs of multijunction solar cells, optical fibers and magnetocaloric refrigerators. It was also possible to introduce a universal system of units that deletes redundancies in the SI system of units. At the end; it was shown that the results of Faraday’s experiment, known as Faraday’s effect, represent a proof of the introduced innovative understanding.