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Physical Review A

Sub-Doppler resolution in inhomogeneously broadened media using intense control fields

Gautam Vemuri, G. S. Agarwal, D. N. Rao

Published Apr 1, 1996• 82 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We propose a scheme for obtaining sub-Doppler resolution for one transition of an inhomogeneously broadened, three-level atomic system, by using an intense control field at the other transition. Analytical and numerical calculations are presented to delineate the mechanism responsible for this sub-Doppler resolution, and quantify the extent to which Doppler broadening can be reduced. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.53.2842

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We propose a scheme for obtaining sub-Doppler resolution for one transition of an inhomogeneously broadened, three-level atomic system, by using an intense control field at the other transition. Analytical and numerical calculations are presented to delineate the mechanism responsible for this sub-Doppler resolution, and quantify the extent to which Doppler broadening can be reduced. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Summary form only given. Experiments in nonlinear optics and spectroscopy are often performed in atomic vapors, where the linewidths of the transitions of interest are dominated by Doppler broadening. In fact, several experiments on quantum coherent phenomena, such as lasing without inversion (LWI), and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), have been done in atomic vapors. Using the ideas of quantum coherence and interference, we propose a new scheme for obtaining subDoppler resolution at one transition of an inhomogeneously broadened, three-level atomic system, by use of an intense control field at the other transition.
The observation of a new type of saturation effects in degenerate four-wave mixing in Na vapor is reported. The experimental configuration is neither counterpropagating nor velocity selective, and yet sub-Doppler high-resolution lines are observed at the atomic-transition frequencies, and at the weighted center of a Doppler-broadened distribution. These new features are the result of an interplay between absorption and saturation, and the inhomogeneous broadening is essential for their existence.
We study inhomogeneously broadened three-level atoms ($\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ configuration). Two energy levels are strongly coupled by an intense standing wave. A weak laser field at an adjacent transition is used as a probe. The probe response is calculated by Green's functions involving continued fractions. The general solution is extendable to other three-level configurations as well to other types of multimode saturators. The connection of various approximate solutions to the exact one is discussed. We concentrate on the Doppler-free case where both transitions have nearly equal frequencies. For this we derive a reasonably accurate closed-form solution, the parameter dependencies of which are investigated in detail. In addition to its average changes the dynamics of the saturated transition plays an important role in the steady-state probe response. The spectra show sharp resonances which cannot be explained in terms of traveling wave superposition models. The width of the velocity distribution has a strong effect on the shape of the spectrum---some resonances are smeared away because of incomplete Doppler dephasing. The relaxation processes influence differently the resonances, which facilitates their interpretation.
We present an analytical calculation of the susceptibility in Doppler-broadened three-level atomic systems using a diagrammatic method. The optical coherences responsible for the susceptibility of the probe field are obtained from the optical Bloch equations for Ladder (lower or upper transition probed), V and Λ-type three-level atoms up to the first (arbitrary) order in the probe (coupling) field Rabi frequency, and are then averaged over a Maxwell–Boltzmann velocity distribution. Finally, we obtain analytical solutions of the susceptibility for four different three-level atomic systems. In particular, the general expressions of the susceptibility are obtained where the wavelengths of the probe and coupling fields are different from each other.
Specific features of nonlinear interference processes at quantum transitions in near- and fully resonant Doppler-broadened optically dense media are studied. The possibility of all-optical switching of the medium to opaque or, alternatively, to absolutely transparent, or even to strongly amplifying states is explored, which is controlled by a small variation of two driving or probe radiations and does not require any change of the level populations. Optimum conditions for inversionless amplification of short-wavelength radiation above the oscillation threshold at the expense of the longer-wavelength control fields are investigated. The feasibility of overcoming the fundamental limitation on a velocity-interval of resonantly coupled molecules imposed by the Doppler effect is shown, based on quantum coherence.