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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Quantum optical communication with the squeezed state of light field

Yancheng Zhao, Guoxi Fang

Published Sep 20, 1996• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The concept of the squeezed state of light field as well as the theory of realizing quantum optical communication and its experimental mechanism have been given. The principles of the transmitter of the quantum optical communication and the receiver have been introduced and the keypoints of realizing quantum optical communication have been suggested.

DOI
10.1117/12.252073

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The concept of the squeezed state of light field as well as the theory of realizing quantum optical communication and its experimental mechanism have been given. The principles of the transmitter of the quantum optical communication and the receiver have been introduced and the keypoints of realizing quantum optical communication have been suggested.
The origin of quantum noise is addressed and it can be eliminated when the quantum state is optimally prepared for the single measured observable. Minimum uncertainty states are reviewed using Q (α) -representation, which include squeezed states and number-phase minimum uncertainty states. Squeezing is a concept of trading quantum uncertainties between two conjugate observables to optimize the state for the measurement. Need for optical nonlinearity to achieve squeezing is induced. Principles and experimental results for squeezing quadrature amplitude and photon number are delineated. Applications to optical communications and optical precision measurement are briefly stated.
Abstract Quantum squeezed states of light characterized by a reduced quantum uncertainty with respect to one of the quadrature variables smaller than the uncertainty of the vacuum state (the standard quantum limit) play an important role in the current fundamental and applied research. The main information concerning the proprieties and manifestations of the squeezed states are presented. A concise review of the methods for obtaining and detecting the quantum squeezed light is performed; at that, a special attention is payed to fiber-optical schemas. The Kerr mechanism of squeezed state generation that is realized in various variants of fiber-optic systems is considered in detail. An experimental scheme of generation of polarization-squeezed states based on a nonlinear polarization-maintaining fiber is presented. Different factors that limit squeezing are considered.
Classically, light is an electromagnetic phenomenon, described by Maxwell's equations. However, under certain conditions, such as low intensity or in the presence of certain nonlinear optical materials, light starts to behave differently, and we have to construct a ‘quantum theory of light’. We can exploit this quantum behaviour of light for quantum information processing, which is the subject of this book. In this chapter, we develop the quantum theory of the free electromagnetic quantum field. This means that we do not yet consider the interaction between light and matter; we postpone that to Chapter 7. We start from first principles, using the canonical quantization procedure in the Coulomb gauge: we derive the field equations of motion from the classical Lagrangian density for the vector potential, and promote the field and its canonical momentum to operators and impose the canonical commutation relations. This will lead to the well-known creation and annihilation operators, and ultimately to the concept of the photon. After quantization of the free electromagnetic field we consider transformations of the mode functions of the field. We will demonstrate the intimate relation between these linear mode transformations and the effect of beam splitters, phase shifters, and polarization rotations, and show how they naturally give rise to the concept of squeezing. Finally, we introduce coherent and squeezed states.
This presentation first reviews the historical development of the field of nonlinear optics, starting from its inception in 1961. It then reviews some of its more recent developments, including especially how nonlinear optics has become a crucial tool for the developing field of quantum technologies. Fundamental quantum processes enabled by nonlinear optics, such as the creation of squeezed and entangled light states, are reviewed. We then illustrate these concepts by means of specific applications, such as the development of secure communication systems based on the quantum states of light.
Squeezed state light is a nonclassical optical field which has extensive potential applications in optical measurement with high sensitivity exceeding the standard quantum limit as well as in optical communications and quantum information with extremely low noise. This has given birth to cross-disciplines of physics and information science. An overview is presented of the generation of squeezed state light fields and their important applications in sub-shot-noise-limit optical measurement and quantum information research.