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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY

Binary Quantum Communication using Squeezed Light: Theoretical and Experimental Frame Work

R.S. Fyath

Published Nov 17, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to develop framework to generate squeezed light for binary quantum communication. Both theoretical and experimental models to generate squeezed state using optical parametric amplifier (OPO), which is implemented around He-Ne laser, are described in details. The results will be used as a guide line to investigate the performance of squeezed light-based quantum communication over noisy channel and this issue will be presented in accompanying paper [1].

DOI
10.24297/ijct.v11i7.3494

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The aim of this paper is to develop framework to generate squeezed light for binary quantum communication. Both theoretical and experimental models to generate squeezed state using optical parametric amplifier (OPO), which is implemented around He-Ne laser, are described in details. The results will be used as a guide line to investigate the performance of squeezed light-based quantum communication over noisy channel and this issue will be presented in accompanying paper [1].
In this paper, the squeezed quantum state is generated using an optical parametric oscillator via a spontaneous parametric down conversion technique to investigate squeezed states with quantum noise in one quadrature below the standard quantum limit at the expense of the other. The setup involves four main parts: generation of Nd-YAG second harmonic via a ring resonator, squeezed cavity with a nonlinear crystal inside to generate the squeezed state, Pound-Drever-Hall technique to stabilize the laser in the squeezed cavity and balanced homodyne receiver with high efficiency to detect the squeezed state. A comparison in error probability is addressed between the quantum coherent classical and the quantum squeezed non-classical state in the presence of thermal noise and the dissipation. It is found that with extremely low number of photons, the squeezed state is robust against channel noise.
Nowadays, the realization of quantum computations and communications based on continuous variables has attracted a significant attention due to a substantial expansion of the system dimensionality. The main progress in this area is attributed to the implementation of multimode systems based on squeezed states of light. One of the simplest ways to generate such states relies upon their producing in a single-pass optical parametric amplifier (OPA) using ultrafast pumping. However, for homodyne detection of such multimode states, the profile of the local oscillator (LO) must perfectly match the profile of the measured mode. Usually, this is not the case; therefore a proper treatment of multimode squeezing is required. In this work, we study both theoretically and experimentally the multimode squeezed light generated in type-0 and type-II OPA. We characterize such sources and investigate the degree of squeezing in dependence on the LO spectral profile, employing a pulse shaping technique. The theoretical analysis is performed using the Schmidt-mode theory. This work might have a significant impact on the realization of multimode quantum protocols
Squeezed light is a nonclassical state of electro-magnetic field and has noise suppressed below the standard quantum limit in one quadrature component while increased in the other. One of the important applications of squeezed lights is quantum enhanced sensing such as gravitational wave detector with ultimate resolution. Another important application is continuous variables quantum teleportation which utilizes two mode squeezed lights as an essential resource for quantum entanglement. In these applications the final outcome is limited by squeezing level. So it is important to generate highly squeezed light. Over the past few decades a considerable number of the experiments have been performed to generate highly squeezed lights. One of the successful methods is utilization of a sub-threshold optical parametric oscillator (OPO) which includes a nonlinear optical crystal. In this article we will introduce current development of experimental investigation of continuous-wave highly squeezed light by utilizing the OPO and current topics about applications of squeezed light.
We report the first experimental demonstration of squeezed lasing in a reservoir-engineered optical parametric oscillator (OPO). The OPO provides a basis of squeezed states and parametric amplification in lasing emission, whose vacuum reservoir is coupled to a squeezed vacuum generated by a second OPO. With a precisely controlled squeezing angle and strong squeezing injection, the parametric interaction in the first OPO is exponentially enhanced. It successfully circumvents the decoherence in the system, and eliminates the undesired noise of spontaneous photon emission in the OPO. As a result, the amplified parametric process simultaneously reserves the coherence and quantum properties in the first OPO, and yields a -6.1 dB squeezed laser in optical domain with a narrow linewidth and high brightness. Our work sheds light on potential applications of squeezed lasing in quantum metrology and quantum optics.
The quantum statistics of a laser result in noise when measurements of the beam are made. This noise sets a classical limit beyond which a laser cannot be used with increasing sensitivity. This quantum noise limit is imposed on many of the uses of lasers currently, especially in power limited devices such as optical communications. The statistics of the laser photon field can be modified to produce a non-classical state resulting in lower noise than the quantum noise limit when detected appropriately. This state, called a squeezed state, has been measured previously from a cavity enhanced optical parametric oscillator (OPO) only at frequency sidebands within the linewidth of the cavity. ¶ This thesis reports measurements of squeezing at microwave frequency sidebands on an optical beam produced by an optical parametric oscillator. This is the first reported measurement of squeezing at frequency sidebands at higher longitudinal modes of the cavity from an OPO. Noise reduction below the quantum noise limit is measured at sideband frequencies of 5 MHz, 1.7 GHz, 3.4 GHz and 5.1 GHz, corresponding to the zeroth, first, second and third longitudinal modes from the squeezed beam. These results are the highest frequency sideband measurements of squeezing to date. In addition to measuring squeezing at different longitudinal modes for the fundamental Gaussian spatial mode, non-classical noise reduction is measured at the same frequencies for a squeezed higher order spatial mode, TEM10. ¶ A single mode theoretical model of the OPO is presented, based on the work of ref. [1]. Computer simulations of the squeezing predicted by this model are developed and compared to the experimental results, showing excellent agreement between the different longitudinal modes for each of the two spatial modes measured.
Squeezed state can increase the signal-to-noise ratio in quantum communication and quantum measurement. However, losses and noises existing in real communication channels will reduce or even totally destroy the squeezing. The phenomenon of disappearance of the squeezing will result in the failure of quantum communication. In this letter, we present the experimental demonstrations on the disappearance and revival of the squeezing in quantum communication with squeezed state. The experimental results show that the squeezed light is robust (squeezing never disappears) in a pure lossy but noiseless channel. While in a noisy channel, the excess noise will lead to the disappearance of the squeezing, and the squeezing can be revived by the use of a correlated noisy channel (non-Markovian environment). The channel capacity of quantum communication is increased after the squeezing is revived. The presented results provide useful technical references for quantum communication with squeezed light.