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Journal of the Optical Society of America B

Quantum detection of wavelength-division-multiplexing optical coherent signals

Atsushi Waseda, Masahiro Takeoka, Masahide Sasaki, Mikio Fujiwara, Hidema Tanaka

Published Jan 19, 2010• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We numerically evaluate the transmission rates of a single fiber with the wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmission of coherent signals with conventional homodyne-based (dyne-type) detections and various quantum detection strategies. We reveal the quantitative gap between these detection strategies especially in the quantum-limited region where the quantum noise seriously limits the transmission rate. For an extremely weak signal input power, there is a crucial gap between the capacity limit and the transmission rates of the WDM system with dyne-type detections. We show that this gap is filled by applying a collective square root detection (SRD) only for each channel, not necessary for quantum collective decoding among WDM channels.

DOI
10.1364/josab.27.000259

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We numerically evaluate the transmission rates of a single fiber with the wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmission of coherent signals with conventional homodyne-based (dyne-type) detections and various quantum detection strategies. We reveal the quantitative gap between these detection strategies especially in the quantum-limited region where the quantum noise seriously limits the transmission rate. For an extremely weak signal input power, there is a crucial gap between the capacity limit and the transmission rates of the WDM system with dyne-type detections. We show that this gap is filled by applying a collective square root detection (SRD) only for each channel, not necessary for quantum collective decoding among WDM channels.
We numerically evaluate the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) data transmission of coherent phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals in optical fiber communication and deep-space communication channels with conventional homodyne-based(dyne-type) detections and various quantum detection strategies. We show the quantitative gap between these detection strategies and especially in the quantum-limited region where the quantum noise seriously limits the transmission rate. For an extremely weak signal input power, there is a crucial gap between the capacity limit and the transmission rates of the WDM system with dyne-type detections. We show that this gap is filled by applying a collective square root detection (SRD) only for each channel, not necessary for quantum collective decoding among WDM channels.
The march towards successful global quantum internet requires introducing all-quantum networks and signal processing techniques. In this paper, we develop and discuss methods for various wavelength-division-multiplexing and multiple-access (WDM) communication systems and networks in fully quantum mechanical terms to obtain all-quantum WDM (QWDM) systems and networks. We begin the paper with a detailed discussion on various possible narrow-band and wideband sources of light signals used in typical WDM systems, such as coherent, number, and Poissonian mixed states. After introducing a generic and fully quantum mechanical WDM network, we develop methodologies for obtaining the necessary mathematical evolutions through wavelength distributors such as arrayed-waveguide-grating multiplexers and demultiplexers, and wavelength-sensitive and -insensitive broadcasting star couplers. In particular, using the methodologies introduced, one can use the results to obtain a complete and exact expression for any evolved pure quantum light signal through a typical WDM network using the aforementioned optical components. To test the validity and robustness of our mathematical expression for the evolved QWDM light signals, we use two opposing and extreme signals, namely, coherent state and number state, as inputs to various WDM communication and network systems and architecture. The methodologies and the required mathematical QWDM models introduced here can be extended to any fully quantum network architecture deemed necessary in a future global quantum internet, e.g., fiber to the home, Lambdanet-based broadcast WDM networks, and quantum routers based on a waveguide grating router.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) of quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical optical channels has been proven to be feasible experimentally. In this paper, we will analyze the practical security of WDM-QKD theoretically. Specifically, we first establish the noise model of classical signals. Then, the influence of classical noises on the performance of decoy-state WDM-QKD is studied with a finite-key security analysis. For numerical simulations, the effect of classical noise-reduction methods for different experimental settings is given. The secret key rate and maximum transmission distance of WDM-QKD is simulated with various sent number of quantum pulses or transmitted power of classical signals. Furthermore, the performance of two kinds of decoy-state WDM-QKD is compared, which shows that the optimal decoy-state protocol for WDM-QKD is related to the sent number of quantum pulses. Since WDM-QKD is desired to reduce the cost of QKD networks and since experiments have already been carried out, our work can not only close the gap between theory and practice, but also be used to optimize the experimental parameters and improve its performance.
Many quantum communication systems operate based on weak light pulses which by design are assumed to operate in isolation from regular data traffic. With the widespread availability and commercialization of these systems comes a need for seamless integration already at the physical layer. In particular for optical fiber links where wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is the dominant data transmission technique this results in the propagation of very weak quantum signals against a strong data signal background. With this work, we present a novel theoretical approach that studies the evolution of co-propagating quantum and classical signals that are launched using WDM. The important factors that contribute to crosstalk, such as the launch power of the classical signal and the separation between the two signals in terms of wavelength, are comprehensively analyzed. Interestingly, calculations show that only the first two nearest channels from the classical channel experience noticeable crosstalk whereas other distant channels have negligible crosstalk effect. This reflects the WDM technique is in principle robust in the integration of weak quantum links into classical data traffic.
A cost-effective global quantum internet may be developed using the existing communication infrastructure. This paper examines the quantum version of three conventional wavelength-division-multiplexing and multiple-access (WDM) communication systems and networks. They are Lambdanet-based broadcast WDM networks, quantum routers based on a waveguide grating router (WGR), and fiber-to-the-quantum nodes (FTTQ) that are fed by two opposing and extreme quantum light signals, namely the coherent (Glauber) and number (Fock) states. Using the coherent states, we identify the classical behavior of the quantum WDM (QWDM) networks. Furthermore, employing quantum single-photon sources, exclusive quantum results, such as quantum correlations occurring in the receivers's states, are studied in these WDM communication systems and networks. Finally, we provide secure-key rate estimation for Lambdanet and WGR-based quantum key distribution (QKD) networks leveraging the developed QWDM. As compared to Lambdanet, WGR obtains a higher rate of secure keys.
In this paper, we study the feasibility of conducting quantum key distribution (QKD) together with classical communication through the same optical fiber by employing dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) technology at telecom wavelength. The impact of the classical channels to the quantum channel has been investigated for both QKD based on single photon detection and QKD based on homodyne detection. Our studies show that the latter can tolerate a much higher level of contamination from the classical channels than the former. This is because the local oscillator used in the homodyne detector acts as a "mode selector" which can suppress noise photons effectively. We have performed simulations based on both the decoy BB84 QKD protocol and the Gaussian modulated coherent state (GMCS) QKD protocol. While the former cannot tolerate even one classical channel (with a power of 0dBm), the latter can be multiplexed with 38 classical channels (0dBm power each channel) and still has a secure distance around 10km. Preliminary experiment has been conducted based on a 100MHz bandwidth homodyne detector.