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International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES)

Quantum Detection of Wavelength Division Multiplexing Optical Coherent Signals in Lossy Channels

Atsushi Waseda, Masahide Sasaki, Masahiro Takeoka, Mikio Fujiwara, Morio Toyoshima, Hidema Tanaka

Published Feb 1, 2010• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We numerically evaluate the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) data transmission of coherent phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals in optical fiber communication and deep-space communication channels with conventional homodyne-based(dyne-type) detections and various quantum detection strategies. We show the quantitative gap between these detection strategies and especially in the quantum-limited region where the quantum noise seriously limits the transmission rate. For an extremely weak signal input power, there is a crucial gap between the capacity limit and the transmission rates of the WDM system with dyne-type detections. We show that this gap is filled by applying a collective square root detection (SRD) only for each channel, not necessary for quantum collective decoding among WDM channels.

DOI
10.1109/ares.2010.56

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We numerically evaluate the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) data transmission of coherent phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals in optical fiber communication and deep-space communication channels with conventional homodyne-based(dyne-type) detections and various quantum detection strategies. We show the quantitative gap between these detection strategies and especially in the quantum-limited region where the quantum noise seriously limits the transmission rate. For an extremely weak signal input power, there is a crucial gap between the capacity limit and the transmission rates of the WDM system with dyne-type detections. We show that this gap is filled by applying a collective square root detection (SRD) only for each channel, not necessary for quantum collective decoding among WDM channels.
We numerically evaluate the transmission rates of a single fiber with the wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmission of coherent signals with conventional homodyne-based (dyne-type) detections and various quantum detection strategies. We reveal the quantitative gap between these detection strategies especially in the quantum-limited region where the quantum noise seriously limits the transmission rate. For an extremely weak signal input power, there is a crucial gap between the capacity limit and the transmission rates of the WDM system with dyne-type detections. We show that this gap is filled by applying a collective square root detection (SRD) only for each channel, not necessary for quantum collective decoding among WDM channels.
Many quantum communication systems operate based on weak light pulses which by design are assumed to operate in isolation from regular data traffic. With the widespread availability and commercialization of these systems comes a need for seamless integration already at the physical layer. In particular for optical fiber links where wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is the dominant data transmission technique this results in the propagation of very weak quantum signals against a strong data signal background. With this work, we present a novel theoretical approach that studies the evolution of co-propagating quantum and classical signals that are launched using WDM. The important factors that contribute to crosstalk, such as the launch power of the classical signal and the separation between the two signals in terms of wavelength, are comprehensively analyzed. Interestingly, calculations show that only the first two nearest channels from the classical channel experience noticeable crosstalk whereas other distant channels have negligible crosstalk effect. This reflects the WDM technique is in principle robust in the integration of weak quantum links into classical data traffic.
The march towards successful global quantum internet requires introducing all-quantum networks and signal processing techniques. In this paper, we develop and discuss methods for various wavelength-division-multiplexing and multiple-access (WDM) communication systems and networks in fully quantum mechanical terms to obtain all-quantum WDM (QWDM) systems and networks. We begin the paper with a detailed discussion on various possible narrow-band and wideband sources of light signals used in typical WDM systems, such as coherent, number, and Poissonian mixed states. After introducing a generic and fully quantum mechanical WDM network, we develop methodologies for obtaining the necessary mathematical evolutions through wavelength distributors such as arrayed-waveguide-grating multiplexers and demultiplexers, and wavelength-sensitive and -insensitive broadcasting star couplers. In particular, using the methodologies introduced, one can use the results to obtain a complete and exact expression for any evolved pure quantum light signal through a typical WDM network using the aforementioned optical components. To test the validity and robustness of our mathematical expression for the evolved QWDM light signals, we use two opposing and extreme signals, namely, coherent state and number state, as inputs to various WDM communication and network systems and architecture. The methodologies and the required mathematical QWDM models introduced here can be extended to any fully quantum network architecture deemed necessary in a future global quantum internet, e.g., fiber to the home, Lambdanet-based broadcast WDM networks, and quantum routers based on a waveguide grating router.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) of quantum key distribution (QKD) with classical optical channels has been proven to be feasible experimentally. In this paper, we will analyze the practical security of WDM-QKD theoretically. Specifically, we first establish the noise model of classical signals. Then, the influence of classical noises on the performance of decoy-state WDM-QKD is studied with a finite-key security analysis. For numerical simulations, the effect of classical noise-reduction methods for different experimental settings is given. The secret key rate and maximum transmission distance of WDM-QKD is simulated with various sent number of quantum pulses or transmitted power of classical signals. Furthermore, the performance of two kinds of decoy-state WDM-QKD is compared, which shows that the optimal decoy-state protocol for WDM-QKD is related to the sent number of quantum pulses. Since WDM-QKD is desired to reduce the cost of QKD networks and since experiments have already been carried out, our work can not only close the gap between theory and practice, but also be used to optimize the experimental parameters and improve its performance.
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and space division multiplexing (SDM) can be used to implement coexistence of the classical and quantum signals. But some noises are introduced due to the SDM/WDM techniques, such as Raman, Four-wave mixing and inter-core crosstalk noises, which will restrict the performance of the quantum key distribution system (QKD). In this paper, we consider that the classical optical communication system is also affected by such noises. So, in order to improve the performance of the coexistence system based on WDM and SDM, we propose a dual optimized core and wavelength allocation (DOCWA) scheme to realize the synergistic transmission of classical and quantum signals over multi-core fiber. Experiments verify that the proposed scheme can suppress noise photons on classical and quantum channels up to 152.71% and 167.28% compared to the quantum equal frequency spacing scheme, respectively.