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Nature Physics

Photon burst detection of single atoms in an optical cavity

M. L. Terraciano, Rebecca Olson Knell, D. G. Norris, Jietai Jing, A. Fernández, Luis A. Orozco

Published May 17, 2009• 43 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1038/nphys1282

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We investigate a Bose-Einstein condensate strongly coupled to an optical cavity via a repulsive optical lattice. We detect a stable self-ordered phase in this regime, and show that the atoms order through an antisymmetric coupling to the P band of the lattice, limiting the extent of the phase and changing the geometry of the emergent density modulation. Furthermore, we find a nonequilibrium phase with repeated intense bursts of the intracavity photon number, indicating nontrivial driven-dissipative dynamics.
Single atoms are detected and their motion measured for the first time to our knowledge by the fluorescence photon- burst method in the presence of large quantities of buffer gas. A single-clipped digital correlator records the photon burst in real time and displays the atom's transit time across the laser beam. A comparison is made of the special requirements for single-atom detection in vacuum and in a buffer gas. Finally, the probability distribution of the bursts from many atoms is measured. It further proves that the bursts observed on resonance are due to single atoms and pot simply to noise fluctuations.