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Applied Physics B

Cesium saturation spectroscopy revisited: How to reverse peaks and observe narrow resonances

Oliver G. Schmidt, K.-M. Knaak, R. Wynands, Dieter Meschede

Published Aug 1, 1994• 121 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf01081167

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We have studied the effects of optical pumping and near-resonant radiation pressure that compete with the saturation effect on the formation of the line shapes of Doppler-free saturation absorption spectra of alkali atoms. We have measured the reverse of the sign of F g =3 to F e =4 saturated absorption of the rubidium D 2 line and the change in its asymmetry as the optical pumping effect is gradually turned on compared with the saturation effect. The experimentally observed behaviors of optically pumped Lamb dips and crossover resonances in rubidium show good agreement with the calculation using the phenomenological model previously introduced for cesium.
Nonlinear spectroscopy of cold atoms has recently been reported for a sample of cesium atoms confined in a magnetooptical trap.1,2 In particular, we report measurements of the spectral response of the cold sample to a weak probe beam for a range of detunings and power for the saturating trapping beams. Transmission spectra for the probe beam reveal the presence of broad absorption and gain features as well as narrow resonances. The power dependence of the broad part of the spectrum can be reasonably well described by earlier work for two-level atoms in a strong field.3 However, narrow dispersive shaped features around the frequency of the trapping beams are also observed and can have appreciable single pass gain (>20%). An exploration of the correlation between the narrow spectroscopic features and the mechanical properties of the atomic sample leads to the observation of both positive and negative radiation pressure associated with stimulated absorption from and emission to the probe beam.
We report the observation of narrow peaks in Doppler-free spectra of thorium. The peaks are superimposed upon saturation-broadened line profiles in thorium atomic spectra by use of counterpropagating cw laser beams with resonance ionization mass spectrometry detection. At low laser powers the spectra show a conventional Lamb dip. As the laser power is increased, a narrow peak obscures the dip (for two of four transitions studied). The narrow peak is attributed to coherence effects at high laser powers. To confirm this assignment, we calculated the saturated absorption line shapes by using the theory of Haroche and Hartmann [ Phys. Rev. A6, 1280 ( 1972)]. The spectral simulations reproduce the narrow peaks and show the same dependence with laser power and transition strength as do the data. There are some quantitative discrepancies, particularly in the overall saturation broadening, but given that there were no adjustable parameters in the calculations, the agreement between theory and experiment is considered quite good. The Einstein A coefficients used in the calculations were determined from an analysis of the laser-power dependence of the saturation broadening for each transition.