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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

How do they scale? - Classical and quantum nonlinear optical processes in integrated devices

L. G. Helt, Marco Liscidini, John E. Sipe

Published Jan 1, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present simple expressions for the power generated via continuous-wave classical and quantum nonlinear optical processes in integrated devices, making it easy to benchmark quantum performance based on the results of classical experiments.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_at.2012.jw4a.108

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We present equations for the power generated via spontaneous (quantum) and stimulated (classical) nonlinear optical processes in integrated devices. Equations for the same structure and same order process are derived from the same Hamiltonian, allowing for direct and easy comparison including the ability to estimate the efficiency of a quantum process based solely on experimental data from a classical process in the same device. We show that, in the CW limit and under the undepleted pump approximation, the average energy of a generated photon divided by a characteristic time plays the role of the classical “seed” signal in a quantum process, and that extending the length of a structure or taking advantage of a resonant cavity does not enhance spontaneous processes the same way as stimulated processes.
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Photonic integrated circuits with second-order ( χ (2) ) nonlinearities are rapidly scaling to remarkably low powers. At this time, state-of-the-art devices achieve saturated nonlinear interactions with thousands of photons when driven by continuous-wave lasers, and further reductions in these energy requirements enabled by the use of ultrafast pulses may soon push nonlinear optics into the realm of single-photon nonlinearities. This tutorial reviews these recent developments in ultrafast nonlinear photonics, discusses design strategies for realizing few-photon nonlinear interactions, and presents a unified treatment of ultrafast quantum nonlinear optics using a framework that smoothly interpolates from classical behaviors to the few-photon scale. These emerging platforms for quantum optics fundamentally differ from typical realizations in cavity quantum electrodynamics due to the large number of coupled optical modes. Classically, multimode behaviors have been well studied in nonlinear optics, with famous examples including soliton formation and supercontinuum generation. In contrast, multimode quantum systems exhibit a far greater variety of behaviors, and yet closed-form solutions are even sparser than their classical counterparts. In developing a framework for ultrafast quantum optics, we identify what behaviors carry over from classical to quantum devices, what intuition must be abandoned, and what new opportunities exist at the intersection of ultrafast and quantum nonlinear optics. Although this article focuses on establishing connections between the classical and quantum behaviors of devices with χ (2) nonlinearities, the frameworks developed here are general and are readily extended to the description of dynamical processes based on third-order χ (3) nonlinearities.
Nonclassical states of light are an essential resource for many emerging quantum technologies and applications ranging from information processing, encrypted communications, and networking to sensing, metrology, and imaging. Nonlinear optical processes in solid-state materials are widely used for generating quantum light, including single photons, entangled-photon pairs, and quadrature-squeezed states. Recent advances in nonlinear photonics have enabled the functionality of benchtop nonlinear instruments to be scaled down to a single chip without sacrificing efficiency or degrading the key performance metrics. The dramatic improvement in the size, weight, power, cost, and stability enabled by photonic integrated circuits has been essential for enabling the chip-scale generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum light at a steadily increasing degree of complexity and scale. Within the last decade, the authors have seen the progression from few-component photonic circuits operating on two photons to arrays of 18 identical heralded single-photon sources and reconfigurable devices operating with more than 650 components for multidimensional entanglement and arbitrary two-photon quantum gates. In this review, the authors summarize the history and recent key technological developments of chip-scale nonlinear quantum light generation based on integrated nonlinear photonics, recent advances in heterogeneous integrated methods, and approaches for system-level integration and demonstrated applications.
Silicon photonic integrated circuits are a promising platform for realizing large-scale quantum photonic devices. While the linear optical approach has greatly contributed to this field, it is often possible to improve the functionality and scalability by making use of non-linear processes. One interesting process is the interference between two nonlinear optical processes, where the interference occurs by removing the information as to which of two processes have occurred. Recently, we have implemented a non-linear interferometer in the pair-photon generation regime by using spontaneous four-wave mixing in an integrated silicon photonic chip. In this paper, we have improved the performance of our non-linear interference device and evaluated it in detail. This work shows the possibility of integrating and controlling nonlinear-optical interference components for silicon quantum photonics.