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International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks

From classical to quantum nonlinear optics in integrated photonic structures

Marco Liscidini, L. G. Helt, John E. Sipe

Published Jul 1, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a simple and flexible method for a rigorous description of nonlinear phenomena in photonic systems, well suited to model integrated and photonic crystal structures. We also show that the results of classical experiments allow for an accurate prediction of quantum correlated photon-pair generation efficiencies, opening a path to move from classical to quantum nonlinear optics in integrated photonic structures.

DOI
10.1109/icton.2012.6253859

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We present a simple and flexible method for a rigorous description of nonlinear phenomena in photonic systems, well suited to model integrated and photonic crystal structures. We also show that the results of classical experiments allow for an accurate prediction of quantum correlated photon-pair generation efficiencies, opening a path to move from classical to quantum nonlinear optics in integrated photonic structures.
As quantum optics grows and develops, new sophisticated optical schemes require an increasing number of optical elements. Integrated photonic circuits have the capacity to provide a solution to this challenge, as they are intrinsically scalable and interferometrically stable. Integrated realization of multi-photon entanglement, quantum factoring algorithms, and polarization entanglement has already been demonstrated. One of particularly interesting structures in integrated photonics is the waveguide array, which enables flexible shaping of optical beam and pulses in space. Recently waveguide arrays have been shown to generate unusual and strongly non-classical spatial correlations of photon pairs propagating in the regime of quantum walks [1].
Integrated optical devices will play a central role in the future development of nonlinear quantum photonics. Here we consider the generation of nonclassical states of light within them with a focus on Gaussian states beyond the low-gain, single photon pair regime accurately described by perturbation theory. Starting from the solid foundation provided by Maxwell’s equations, we then move to applications by presenting a unified formulation that allows for a comparison of stimulated and spontaneous experiments in ring resonators and nanophotonic waveguides and leads directly to the calculation of the quantum states of light generated in high-gain nonlinear quantum photonic experiments.
The efficient generation of non-classical light at the micro- and nanoscale is central to the development of quantum technologies. Integrated photonic structures offer new opportunities for increasing the generation efficiency and control of the quantum state of non-classical light. Recently, photonic structures based on topology conservation have been proposed as platforms to overcome issues associated with disorder and fabrication imperfections. For instance, it has been suggested that topological edge states can be exploited for the generation of photon pairs having robust spectral correlations [1]. More recently, the effect of topology on path correlations of photon pairs generated by spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) in waveguide arrays has also been investigated [2].
Summary form only given. Correlated photons are a key ingredient of many experiments testing the foundations of quantum mechanics and in quantum information processing. Many of these experiments harness entanglement by means of the nonclassical interference of photon pairs. A critical issue for such experiments is the mode matching of the photonic wave packets. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion is a well-established and practical method for generating pairs of correlated photons. High visibility interference of photon pairs generated by down-conversion in bulk crystals, a standard source for this type of experiments, can be achieved only by significant spatial filtering, which dramatically reduces the useful fraction of photon pairs. It also reduces the correlations between the presence of photons, thus opening for example the efficiency loophole in tests of Bell's inequalities. Nonlinear waveguides, compared to bulk crystals, offer several advantages as a source of correlated photon pairs. Most importantly, the waveguide structure provides a means to control precisely the spatial characteristics of generated photons, because of the well-defined transverse modes of the guide. in addition, nonlinear waveguides offer both higher pair production rates by utilizing the technique of quasiphase matching, and possibilities for spectral mode engineering.
Integrated micro- and nanostructures allow for the efficient generation of photon pairs via parametric fluorescence, thanks to the enhancement of the light-matter interaction associated with light confinement in small volumes. Yet the advantages of using integrated devices go well-beyond the improvement of generation efficiency, for micro-structures can be designed to enable a precise control over the properties of the generated non-classical light. Particularly interesting are structures composed of more than one micro-resonator. In such systems one can control the spectral properties of the generated light, and suppress unwanted phenomena, with a careful engineering of the linear and nonlinear coupling of the resonant elements. Here we show that we can exploit this structure to generate photon pairs that are highly energy entangled or completely uncorrelated.