It is shown that the Dirac equation for free particle can be considered as a description of specific distortion of the space euclidean geometry (space topological defect). This approach is based on possibility of interpretation of the wave function as vector realizing representation of the fundamental group of the closed topological space-time 4-manifold. Mass and spin appear to be topological invariants. Such concept explains all so called “strange” properties of quantum formalism: probabilities, wave-particle duality, nonlocal instantaneous correlation between noninteracting particles (EPR-paradox) and so on. Acceptance of suggested geometrical concept means rejection of atomistic concept where all matter is considered as consisting of more and more small elementary particles. There is no any particles a priori, before measurement: the notions of particles appear as a result of classical interpretation of the contact of the region of the curved space with a device.
It is shown that the Dirac equation for free particle can be considered as a description of specific distortion of the space euclidean geometry (space topological defect). This approach is based on possibility of interpretation of the wave function as vector realizing representation of the fundamental group of the closed topological space-time 4-manifold. Mass and spin appear to be topological invariants. Such concept explains all so called “strange” properties of quantum formalism: probabilities, wave-particle duality, nonlocal instantaneous correlation between noninteracting particles (EPR-paradox) and so on. Acceptance of suggested geometrical concept means rejection of atomistic concept where all matter is considered as consisting of more and more small elementary particles. There is no any particles a priori, before measurement: the notions of particles appear as a result of classical interpretation of the contact of the region of the curved space with a device.
Geometrical model for material Dirac wave field and for Maxwell electromagnetic field is suggested where above fields are considered as propagating regions of the space itself with distorted euclidean geometry. It is shown that equations for these fields can be considered as relations describing the space topological defects. These defects, being closed topological manifolds, are embedded in the outer five-dimensional space, and observable objects appear to be intersections of above defects with the physical space. This interpretation explains irrational properties of quantum objects such as wave-corpuscular duality, stochastic behavior, instantaneous nonlocal correlation in EPR-paradox, the light velocity invariance and so on. Wave-corpuscular properties arise as a result of the defect periodical movement in the outer space relative to its intersection with the physical space, and just this periodical movement attributes phase to the propagating object. Appearance of probabilities within the formalism is a consequence of uncertainty of the closed topological manifold shape, and ensemble of all possible shapes for the same object can be considered as an ensemble of hidden variables that leads to probabilistic description. Embedded in the outer space topological defects provide channels for nonlocal correlations between their intersections-- noninteracting particles in EPR-experiments, and this means that the proposed approach can be considered as a nonlocal model with hidden variables.
Interpretation of wave function for free particle is suggested as a description of microscopic distortion of the space-time geometry, namely, as some closed topological 4-manifold. Such geometrical object looks in three-dimensional Euclidean space as its topological defect having stochastic and wave-corpuscular properties of quantum particle. All possible deformations (homeomorphisms) of closed topological manifold play the role of “hidden variables”, responsible for statistical character of the theory.
Geometrical model for quantum objects is suggested. It is shown that equations for free material Dirac field and for Maxwell electromagnetic field can be considered as relations describing propagation of the space topological defects. This interpretation explains irrational properties of quantum objects such as wave-corpuscular duality, stochastic behavior, instantaneous nonlocal correlation in EPR-paradox, the light velocity invariance and so on. It is shown also that Dirac equation for hydrogen atom can be also considered as relation describing the space topological defect. Electromagnetic potentials appears within this approach as connectivities of the defect universal covering space and gauge invariance of electromagnetic field happens to be a natural consequence of topological interpretation. Proposed approach can be also considered as a nonlocal model with hidden variables. Preliminary results were published by parts early, and here they are presented completely.
The hypothesis was earlier suggested by the author where all micro-objects are considered as specific distortions of the physical space-time pseudo-Euclidean geometry, namely, as closed topological 4-manifolds. The foundation of the hypothesis is a geometrical interpretation of the basic equation of quantum mechanics for classical (not quantized) wave fields -- the Dirac equation for free particle. Such hypothesis does not contradict to any physical laws and experimental facts and gives firstly an opportunity to explain qualitatively within classical notions (geometrical) the so called “paradoxical” properties of quantum particles such as wave-corpuscular duality, appearance of probabilities in the quantum mechanics formalism, spin, EPR-paradox.To demonstrate prospects for suggested geometrical approach the author early attempted to find new dynamic equations other than known quantum-mechanical ones for atomic spectra calculations. In this work above investigation is being continued on a more rigorous basis, representing a new geometrical interpretation of the equation for hydrogen atoms. Results of calculations of ionization potentials for helium atom are in agreement with experimental data.
Physical processes are usually described using four-dimensional vector quantities - coordinate vector, momentum vector, current vector. But at the fundamental level they are characterized by coordinate and momentum spinors. The propagation of fields and their interaction takes place at the spinor level, and since each spinor uniquely corresponds to a certain vector, the results of physical processes appear before us in vector form. For example, the relativistic Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation are formulated by means of coordinate vectors, momentum vectors and quantum operators corresponding to them. In the Dirac equation the wave function is a spinor with complex components, but still coordinates and momentum are vectors. For a closed description of nature using only spinor quantities, it is necessary to have an equation similar to the Dirac equation in which momentum, coordinates and operators are spinors. It is such an equation that is presented in this paper. Quantum mechanics describes interactions using complex wave functions that cannot be observed directly; only upon measurement do they translate into probabilities expressed as the squares of the magnitudes of the wave functions. In the same way spinor quantities are not observable, but they completely determine observable vectors. In Section 2 of the paper, we analyze the quadratic form for an arbitrary four-component complex vector based on Pauli matrices. The form is invariant with respect to Lorentz transformations including any rotations and boosts. The invariance of the form allows us to construct on its basis an equation for a free particle combining the properties of the relativistic wave equation and the Dirac equation. For an electron in the presence of an electromagnetic potential it is shown that taking into account the commutation relations between the momentum and coordinate components allows us to obtain from this equation the known results describing the interactions of the electron spin with the electric and magnetic field. In the presence of a potential the momentum components cease to commute with each other. To neutralize this effect, the Schrödinger equation is supplemented by several equations with mixed partial derivatives on coordinates. Section 3 presents a version of quantum theory in spinor coordinate space. Section 4 presents a modification of the theory of the path integral, which consists in considering the path integral in the spinor coordinate space. An equation of motion for the electron is proposed that is relativistically invariant. This novel equation permitted the construction of an actually invariant procedure for the second quantization of the fermion field in spinor coordinate space. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the field operators are a combination of plane waves in spinor or vector space, with the coefficients of which being pseudospinors or pseudovectors. Furthermore, each plane wave possesses an additional coefficient in the form of a creation or annihilation operator. In vector space, these operators commute, whereas in spinor space they anticommutate. The paper presents the spinor and vector representations of the field operators in explicit form, comprising sets of 16 pseudospinors or 4 pseudovectors. An explicit form of the symmetric traceless tensor with spin two, zero mass and two polarizations are presented, which can serve as a model of the graviton. Section 5 presents Einstein's inhomogeneous equation, which features the Riemann tensor rather than the Ricci tensor, with the energy-momentum tensor of a charged particle having four indices rather than two. In the case where a particle of matter has a charge, another Riemann tensor is added to Einstein’s equation, in addition to the usual Riemann curvature tensor, which describes the additional curvature created for a charged particle by an electromagnetic field.
Abstract A quantum interpretation of the particle wave function as a microscopic distortion of the space-time geometry is proposed, i.e., a closed topological 4-manifold. This approach allows us to create a relativistic quantum theory to determine the temporal ionospheric delay in the propagation of satellite signals. In three-dimensional Euclidean space, the specified geometric object has the form of a topological defect with stochastic and wave-particle properties of a quantum system. All possible deformations (homeomorphisms) of a closed topological manifold play the role of hidden parameters responsible for the statistical character of the theory.