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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Theory and application of electric-field-induced pseudorotation

I O G Davies, P. E. G. Baird, J L Nicol

Published Dec 14, 1988• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors have used a sensitive laser polarimeter to measure the electric-field-induced dichroism on the transition 4f 6 6s 2 7 F 0 -4f 6 6s6p 7 G 1 of Sm I at lambda 639 nm. The dichroism gives an apparent (pseudo) optical rotation which can be sensitively detected using a Faraday modulator in the polarimeter. The results are interpreted in terms of the electric field coupling between the upper state of the transition and the nearby 4f 6 6s5d 7 G 1 level which lies only 322 GHz away. The value of the Stark matrix element mod (4f 6 6s5d 7 G 1 mod mod er mod mod 4f 6 6s6p 7 G 1 ) mod has been determined to be 0.85 (5) ea 0 , in broad agreement with theoretical estimates. Effects due to optical pumping and saturation caused by increased laser power have been observed and the theory of these phenomena is briefly reviewed. The transition 4f 6 6s 2 7 F 0 -4f 6 6s5d 7 G 1 has also been detected by laser polarimetry using electric field enhancement.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/21/23/007

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Journal de Physique Lettres•Jan 1, 1976•26 citations
The authors have used a sensitive laser polarimeter to measure the electric-field-induced dichroism on the transition 4f 6 6s 2 7 F 0 -4f 6 6s6p 7 G 1 of Sm I at lambda 639 nm. The dichroism gives an apparent (pseudo) optical rotation which can be sensitively detected using a Faraday modulator in the polarimeter. The results are interpreted in terms of the electric field coupling between the upper state of the transition and the nearby 4f 6 6s5d 7 G 1 level which lies only 322 GHz away. The value of the Stark matrix element mod (4f 6 6s5d 7 G 1 mod mod er mod mod 4f 6 6s6p 7 G 1 ) mod has been determined to be 0.85 (5) ea 0 , in broad agreement with theoretical estimates. Effects due to optical pumping and saturation caused by increased laser power have been observed and the theory of these phenomena is briefly reviewed. The transition 4f 6 6s 2 7 F 0 -4f 6 6s5d 7 G 1 has also been detected by laser polarimetry using electric field enhancement.
The authors have observed dramatic changes in both the magnitude and the lineshape of Faraday rotation on an allowed E1 transition in Sm I (4f 6 6s 2 7 F 0 -4f 6 6s6p 7 G 1 ) as a function of laser intensity and buffer-gas pressure. The effect is ascribed to the development of optical and Zeeman coherences and a theoretical treatment, based on the solution of steady-state density matrix equations is given. Effects of optical pumping on the odd isotopes 147 Sm and 149 Sm, both with I=7/2, are also considered.
The authors give the theory of optical Faraday rotation and circular dichroism for a transition of mixed magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole character in the presence of hyperfine structure. The results are applied to two transitions of atomic bismuth, lambda 647.6 nm (J j = 3 / 2 to J j = 5 / 2 ) and lambda 875.5 nm (J j = 3 / 2 to J j = 3 / 2 ). They have studied the Faraday rotation profiles of these lines under high resolution; the results confirm the theoretical predictions and for each transition give a value for the ratio, chi , of the electric-quadrupole and magnetic-dipole reduced matrix elements, (J j //( omega /4 square root 3)(-2er 2 C (2) )//J i ) and (J j // mu //J i ). They obtain chi =-0.60(2) for lambda 647.6 nm and chi =+0.13(7) for lambda 875.5 nm, to be compared with the theoretical values -0.65 and +0.11 respectively.
The Stark shift of the (6s)2{)}^{2})2 1^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(6s6p)1{)}^{1})1P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ transition in barium was measured using a laser to excite an atomic beam as it traversed a uniform electric field and a field-free region. The laser frequency was scanned across the transition while fluorescence produced by the radiative decay of the excited state was detected. The frequency scan was calibrated using an acousto-optic modulator which frequency shifted the laser by a specified amount. The Stark-shift rate was found to be -28.532\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.060 kHz/(kV/cm)2{)}^{2})2. The hyperfine splitting of the 135,137Ba^{135,137}\mathrm{Ba}135,137Ba F=1/2 level relative to 138Ba^{138}\mathrm{Ba}138Ba of the (6s6p)1{)}^{1})1P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​ state was determined to be -549.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12 MHz, where the minus sign indicates that the 138Ba^{138}\mathrm{Ba}138Ba transition is at a lower frequency.
The Stark shift of the (6s) 2 1 S 0 to (6s6p) 3 P 1 transition in ytterbium was measured using a laser to excite an atomic beam first in a uniform electric field and subsequently in a field-free region. The laser frequency was scanned across the transition while fluorescence produced by the radiative decay of the excited state was detected. The frequency scan was calibrated using isotope and hyperfine splittings that have been measured previously. The Stark shift rate was found to be -15.419+or-0.048 kHz kV -2 cm -2 and the tensor polarizability of the (6s6p) 3 P 1 state was determined to be alpha 2 =5.81+or-0.13 kHz kV -2 cm -2 .
New results demonstrating the dramatic changes to the form and magnitude of the resonant Faraday rotation with laser intensity, buffer gas pressure and magnetic field strength are presented for the transitions 4f 6 6s 2 7 F 0 -4f 6 6s6p 5 D 1 at 621 nm and 4f 6 6s 2 7 F 1 -4f 6 6s6p 5 D 0 at 654 nm. For both transitions, exact analytical solutions to the steady-state density matrix equations are possible and have been used. The experimental results show good qualitative agreement with the theoretical predictions. In the case of the 654 nm line Zeeman coherence occurs in the ground state and can be achieved at lower laser intensities than for the 621 nm line under comparable conditions.
We report here the first observation and measurement of the transition magnetic moment for a strongly forbidden S-S transition of an alkali atom. By using single-photon excitation of the 6S1/2-7S1/2 caesium transition in a quasi-static electric field, we have detected an electronic polarization of the excited state, specific to an interference effect occurring in mixed electric magnetic dipole transitions. Our measurements, independent of the vapour density, indicate that the magnetic dipole amplitude M 1 has the same size as the electric dipole amplitude E1 , induced by an electric field, parallel to the light wave polarization, and equal to 2.62 ± 0.21 V/cm. We also obtain the relative sign of M 1 and E1. Using a theoretical value of E 1 and a well-defined phase convention, we deduce for the magnetic moment of the transition < 7S, 1/ 2 | μ z | 6S, 1/ 2 > = - (4.24 ± 0.34) 10-5 |μB|, in good agreement with a theoretical estimate. This result can also be expressed in terms of the oscillator strength in zero electric field f6S-7S = 4.05 × 10-15, or of the single-photon M1 decay rate Γ 7S-6S = 0.93 x 10-6 s-1.