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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Compensation method for cancellation of excess noise in quantum nondemolition measurements of optical solitons

Victor V. Kozlov, Andrey B. Matsko, Victor Smirnov

Published Mar 9, 2001• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Cancellation of excess noise of quantum optical solitons is based on successive passage of a soliton through an optical fiber with positive nonlinearity and negative dispersion and then through a near-resonant two-level systems with negative nonlinearity and positive dispersion. An evolution of a quantum fluctuation in one medium will be reversed in the other. In such a way, the unwanted excess noise due to self- phase modulation in optical fibers can be fully suppressed leading to a radical improvement of accuracy of quantum nondemolition measurements of optical solitons. A detailed discussion of the compensation method with thorough numerical estimations for existing resonant media is provided.

DOI
10.1117/12.418820

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Cancellation of excess noise of quantum optical solitons is based on successive passage of a soliton through an optical fiber with positive nonlinearity and negative dispersion and then through a near-resonant two-level systems with negative nonlinearity and positive dispersion. An evolution of a quantum fluctuation in one medium will be reversed in the other. In such a way, the unwanted excess noise due to self- phase modulation in optical fibers can be fully suppressed leading to a radical improvement of accuracy of quantum nondemolition measurements of optical solitons. A detailed discussion of the compensation method with thorough numerical estimations for existing resonant media is provided.
The collision of solitons in optical fibers is a promising scheme for the quantum-nondemolition measurement of the photon number using the cross Kerr effect. In a realistic experimental situation, the sensitivity of the measurement is limited not only by self-phase-modulation noise of the probe but also by the phase noise added due to the vibrational excitations of the fiber. Former schemes proposed to overcome either of these problems are not compatible with each other. In this paper the sensitivity of different type of detection is carefully studied. We propose a solution based on the use of a phase-shifting cavity. We show that this provides a conceptually and practically simple solution eliminating simultaneously both sources of excess noise.
Conventional devices for measuring the amplitude of a light wave absorb the light, thus destroying it. Recently, quantum nondemolition (QND) methods based on the optical Kerr effect have been shown capable of measuring optical amplitude fluctuations with near quantum-limited sensitivity.1 In these experiments, amplitude fluctuations of a signal beam are transferred to the phase fluctuation quadrature of a probe beam which co-propagates with the signal beam, by the intensity-dependent refractive index, without absorption of the signal beam. A pure Kerr nonlinearity can cause only phase modulation of the light wave, and the amplitude of the signal wave is preserved. Such methods should more properly be called back-action evading measurement schemes since the quantity being measured is not perturbed by the back-action that quantum mechanics requires for any measurement. The signal-to-noise ratio achieved in these experiments was limited by the small magnitude of the Kerr nonlinearity relative to the excess phase noise imposed on the probe beam by thermal light scattering processes in the glass fibers that were employed.
Classical optical solitons propagate in optical fibers without temporal or spectral distortion as a result of a balance between phase shifts due to group velocity dispersion and those due to nonlinear self-phase modulation. This balance is achieved by the proper choice of pulse shape and duration for a given pulse energy. The quantum fluctuations associated with a coherent soliton do not undergo stationary propagation, however, and a number of effects are predicted, including the evolution of vacuum noise associated with the input coherent pulse into squeezed fluctuations and the temporal spreading of the soliton pulse because of dispersion acting on quantum fluctuations of the pulse frequency.
We show that soliton collisions can reduce propagation-induced quantum phase noise. This effect originates from a negative correlation between self- and cross-phase-modulation-induced phase fluctuations. Furthermore, we show how this effect can be applied directly to improve the quality of soliton-based quantum nondemolition measurements, simply by adjusting the parameter regime in which the measurement is performed. Optimal implementation, which we show to be technologically feasible, favors short propagation distances, small wavelength separation between solitons, and approximately equal soliton amplitudes.
A fully quantum-mechanical Heisenberg description of the quantum-nondemolition measurements via soliton collision in an optical fiber is provided. Solutions to the equations of motion for meaningful soliton collective operators such as photon number, phase, position, and frequency (momentum) are applied to quantifying the error of inference of photon number and frequency of the signal soliton by performing a measurement on the probe soliton. A detection method based on measuring a four-component quadrature amplitude is proposed and proved to give the best accuracy.