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IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

Population dynamics in Yb:Er:phosphate glass under neodymium laser pumping

Boris Majaron, H. Lukac, M. Copic

Published Jan 1, 1995• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Characteristics of ytterbium to erbium energy transfer in Yb:Er:phosphate glasses have been studied for a case when Nd phosphate glass laser is used as a pumping source. A theoretical model of the energy transfer was developed to reproduce the experimentally observed population dynamics of the Er/sup 3+/ upper and lower laser levels. The results show that saturation and frequency hole burning of the inhomogeneously broadened Yb/sup 3+/ absorption line are of primary importance in determining the dynamics and efficiency of the Yb/sup 3+/-Er/sup 3+/ energy transfer under Nd laser pumping. The influence of other loss channels that have been identified in previous studies is found to be relatively small. The model also yields the lifetime of the frequency hole, as well as the effective rates of energy transfer between groups of Yb/sup 3+/ and Er/sup 3+/ ions in phosphate glasses.>

DOI
10.1109/3.348059

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Investigation of non-linear energy transfer dynamics of erbium in yttrium aluminum garnet (Conference Presentation)

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Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) crystals doped with Erbium have posed an interesting position in the field of rare earth solid state lasers as they possess the property of self-saturation, in which the upper energy level in a laser has a much shorter lifetime than that of the lower level.The non-linear energy transfer dynamics of Er:YAG are modeled under high resonant pump conditions. Specifically the multi-photon effect known as excited state absorption (ESA) is modeled by measuring the cross section in a single crystal Er:YAG sample utilizing a pump and probe technique. The measured ESA cross section is then included in the rate equation modeling that has typically been ignored such an effect when modeling the non-linear ion to ion interactions. By pumping with selective resonant pumps, the interaction dynamics of the upper and the lower laser levels in the Erbium ion reveal the contributions of the non-linear energy transfer mechanisms towards the populations of the levels respectively. This thesis work shows the added accuracy of the rate equation modeling by its inclusion of the measured ESA cross-section and its effect on the population evolution in the Er:YAG system. The model will be tested with measurements made with select Er:YAG crystals being pumped by combinations of resonant infra-red lasers with a chopper spinning at a rate on the order of magnitude of the lower lasing level lifetime.

SPIE Solid State Lasers: Technology and Devices•Mar 13, 2019•0 citations
Characteristics of ytterbium to erbium energy transfer in Yb:Er:phosphate glasses have been studied for a case when Nd phosphate glass laser is used as a pumping source. A theoretical model of the energy transfer was developed to reproduce the experimentally observed population dynamics of the Er/sup 3+/ upper and lower laser levels. The results show that saturation and frequency hole burning of the inhomogeneously broadened Yb/sup 3+/ absorption line are of primary importance in determining the dynamics and efficiency of the Yb/sup 3+/-Er/sup 3+/ energy transfer under Nd laser pumping. The influence of other loss channels that have been identified in previous studies is found to be relatively small. The model also yields the lifetime of the frequency hole, as well as the effective rates of energy transfer between groups of Yb/sup 3+/ and Er/sup 3+/ ions in phosphate glasses.>
A calculation is reported of the energy parameters of stimulated emission of λ = 1.54 μ. radiation from glasses activated with Yb 3+ and Er 3+ ions and pumped with neodymium laser radiation. The calculation allows for the influence of the induced absorption at the pump wavelength and for the quenching of the excited levels of the Yb 3+ and Er 3+ ions. The kinetics and magnitude of the induced absorption are investigated for glasses of various compositions containing Yb 3+ and Er 3+ . The calculated values of the energy parameters are compared with the experimental results. Some features of the stimulated emission spectra of erbium-activated phosphate glasses are considered.
An analysis is made of some processes that occur under conditions of accumulation of population inversion due to the 4 I 13/2 – 4 I 15/2 resonant transition in Er 3+ ions in ytterbium–erbium (Yb–Er) glasses of various compositions. Methods of measuring the parameters of direct and reverse excitation energy transfer between Er 3+ and Yb 3+ ions are also studied. It is found that, under certain conditions achieved in practice, appreciable bleaching of the medium should be observed at the frequency of the pump radiation, particularly under conditions of high-intensity reverse transfer of excitation energy from Er 3+ to Yb 3+ ions. This is typical of glasses having a low rate of intracenter relaxation of Er 3+ ions. It is also shown that nonsteady-state rate equations that assume a linear relationship between the rate of interionic transfer and the ground state population of the acceptor consistently describe the energy characteristics of the excitation processes of Yb–Er glasses. In this case, it is not necessary to introduce in the calculation model additional excitation losses that increase nonlinearly with the pump radiation.
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG, Y_3 〖Al〗_5 O_12) crystals doped with Erbium have posed an interesting position in the field of rare earth solid state lasers as they possess the property of self-saturation, in which the upper energy level in a laser has a much shorter lifetime than that of the lower level. This is the case of the 2.94μm transition in Er:YAG. That property at first seems to make this material unfit for use as a laser gain medium, however further research into these classes of rare earth materials revealed interesting non-liner energy transfer mechanisms that allow it to be a useful mid wave infra-red (MWIR) coherent source in the continuous wave (CW) and pulsed regimes. This came to fruition due to decades of modeling and spectroscopic research investigating the non-linear energy transfer mechanisms of excited state absorption (ESA), energy transfer up-conversion (ETU), and cross relaxation (XR). These effects show up in the rise and fall times of the levels observed through fluorescence. Resulting in the non-exponential rise and fall characteristics and having a squared or even cubed relation to the population. The population evolution for each of the lasing levels is now affected by ions recycling energy and in turn cause the lifetimes of the levels to “effectively” change to a point where simple linear models do not adequately describe the system and its performance. The non-linear energy transfer dynamics of Er:YAG are modeled under high resonant pump conditions. By pumping with selective resonant pumps, the interaction dynamics of the (_ ^4)I_(11/2) and the (_ ^4)I_(13/2) levels in the Erbium ion reveal the contributions from generally ignored non-linear energy transfer mechanisms. Specifically, the multi-photon effect known as excited state absorption (ESA) is modeled by measuring and characterizing the cross section in single crystal Er:YAG samples utilizing a pump and probe technique coupled with transient fluorescence measurements. The measured ESA cross section is then included in the rate equation modeling.
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) crystals doped with Erbium have posed an interesting position in the field of rare earth solid state lasers as they possess the property of self-saturation, in which the upper energy level in a laser has a much shorter lifetime than that of the lower level.The non-linear energy transfer dynamics of Er:YAG are modeled under high resonant pump conditions. Specifically the multi-photon effect known as excited state absorption (ESA) is modeled by measuring the cross section in a single crystal Er:YAG sample utilizing a pump and probe technique. The measured ESA cross section is then included in the rate equation modeling that has typically been ignored such an effect when modeling the non-linear ion to ion interactions. By pumping with selective resonant pumps, the interaction dynamics of the upper and the lower laser levels in the Erbium ion reveal the contributions of the non-linear energy transfer mechanisms towards the populations of the levels respectively. This thesis work shows the added accuracy of the rate equation modeling by its inclusion of the measured ESA cross-section and its effect on the population evolution in the Er:YAG system. The model will be tested with measurements made with select Er:YAG crystals being pumped by combinations of resonant infra-red lasers with a chopper spinning at a rate on the order of magnitude of the lower lasing level lifetime.