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Optics and Spectroscopy

Microwave spectroscopy of the Zeeman effect in Rydberg atoms of sodium

I. I. Ryabtsev, Denis B. Tretyakov

Published Feb 1, 2001• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Experimental results of studying the spectrum of the microwave 37 P -37 S transition of Rydberg sodium atoms in a weak magnetic field (≤7 G) are reported. The populations of the Rydberg states were measured using the method of selective ionization with a pulsed electric field. When the magnetic field was parallel to the ionizing electric field, a good agreement between the calculated and experimental spectral shapes was observed, making it possible to determine the unknown polarization of the microwave radiation. In the case of the orthogonal configuration of the fields, the resonance structure was suppressed in the field ionization signals due to the strong influence of the magnetic field on the electron trajectories in the detection system.

DOI
10.1134/1.1351567

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Experimental results of studying the spectrum of the microwave 37 P -37 S transition of Rydberg sodium atoms in a weak magnetic field (≤7 G) are reported. The populations of the Rydberg states were measured using the method of selective ionization with a pulsed electric field. When the magnetic field was parallel to the ionizing electric field, a good agreement between the calculated and experimental spectral shapes was observed, making it possible to determine the unknown polarization of the microwave radiation. In the case of the orthogonal configuration of the fields, the resonance structure was suppressed in the field ionization signals due to the strong influence of the magnetic field on the electron trajectories in the detection system.
The results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the fine structure of the spectrum of the microwave transition 37 P -37 S in sodium Rydberg atoms in a weak electric field are reported. New data are obtained on the experimental values of the scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the 37 P level. A numerical simulation of the Stark diagram, taking into account the influence of the anticrossings of the Rydberg levels, is performed, and the results are found to be in good agreement with experiment.
A microwave analog of the interference Hanle effect has been studied in sodium Rydberg atoms. Spontaneous emission of the microwave transition ${37P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{37S}_{1/2}$ at 70.166 GHz was replaced by an induced transition from a pulsed microwave source. A dependence of population of the 37S1/2{37S}_{1/2}37S1/2​ state on the magnetic field was recorded in various conditions. Good agreement with the theoretical calculations has been found. The widths and shapes of observed resonances were defined by the spectral widths of the pulsed microwave radiation and parameters of laser excitation of the initial 37P3/2{37P}_{3/2}37P3/2​ state. The quantum beats of magnetic sublevels appeared in the signals when the polarization of exciting laser emission was orthogonal to the magnetic field, and the interference occurred in the scheme of transitions similar to the Mach-Zehnder optical interferometer.
We report on high-resolution microwave spectroscopy of cesium Rydberg $(n+2){D}_{5/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{F}_{J}$ transitions in a cold atomic gas. Atoms laser-cooled and trapped in a magnetic-optical trap are prepared in the DDD Rydberg state using a two-step laser excitation scheme. A microwave field transmitted into the chamber with a microwave horn drives the Rydberg transitions, which are probed via state selective field ionization. Varying duration and power of the microwave pulse, we observe Fourier sideband spectra as well as damped, on-resonant Rabi oscillations with pulse areas up to $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}3\ensuremath{\pi}$. Furthermore, we investigate the Zeeman effect of the clearly resolved nFJn{F}_{J}nFJ​ fine-structure levels in fields up to 120 mG, where the transition into nF7/2n{F}_{7/2}nF7/2​ displays a thee-peak Zeeman pattern, while nF5/2n{F}_{5/2}nF5/2​ shows a two-peak pattern. Our theoretical models explain all observed spectral characteristics, showing good agreement with the experiment. Our measurements provide a pathway for the study of high-angular-momentum Rydberg states, initialization and coherent manipulation of such states, Rydberg-atom macrodimers, and other Rydberg-atom interactions. Furthermore, the presented methods are suitable for calibration of microwave radiation as well as for nulling and calibration of dc magnetic fields in experimental chambers for cold atoms.
In this chapter experiments on rubidium Rydberg atoms in external fields are reviewed [1 – 8]. In the first part results on the interaction of microwave radiation with rubidium Rydberg atoms are described. The Rydberg atoms interact with a microwave pulse of a well-defined duration. When applying coherent microwave radiation with a frequency exceeding a certain value, the experimentally observed microwave field strength at which 10% of the atoms are ionized has to be much larger than the value found by classical trajectory calculations. The atoms are stabilized by the dynamical localization. An extremely weak microwave broadband noise which is added to the coherent wave at least partially destroys the localization. This phenomenon depends on the bandwidth of the added noise. In further experiments the dependence of the 10% ionization microwave field strength on the duration τ of the microwave pulse has been investigated. For increasing noise level the 10% ionization field strength ∈ 0.1 develops from a behavior ∈ 0.1 ∼ τ −1/4 to a ∈ 0.1 ∼ τ −1/2 dependence, which is characteristic for a classical diffusion process. The second part of the chapter deals with experiments in strong static crossed electric and magnetic fields. Below as well as above the ionization energy the observed quasi-Landau(QL)-resonances are explained using classical trajectories. The ionization behavior of the QL-resonances is clearly influenced by the spatial structure of the associated classical orbits. In further experiments the dependence of the observed ionization energy on the magnetic field was investigated in the presence of a fixed static electric field.
New results are presented of an experimental investigation of the spectrum of 36 P → 37 P two-photon microwave transition in Rydberg atoms of sodium in a constant electric field. Depending on the conditions of excitation of the initial 36 P state (the constant electric field is switched on either before or after the exciting laser pulse) and polarization of laser radiation, a strong variation is observed of the amplitudes of individual two-photon transitions between the fine-structure Stark components of the 36 P and 37 P states. This effect is an analog of the Paschen-Back effect in a strong magnetic field and is due to the break of L-S coupling and to the variation of the wave functions of Rydberg electrons in an electric field. It is also found that the break of L-S coupling affects considerably the shape of double Stark resonance arising upon intersection of the virtual intermediate level of two-photon transition with the real intermediate 37 S level.
An interaction of microwave radiation with high-excited (Rydberg) atoms has been suggested to be used for radiation detection and measurement of its frequency. Our objective in the present work was to investigate experimentally and theoretically the spectrum of the microwave transition 37P-37S in sodium Rydberg atoms in a weak static electric field and to perform accurate measurements of the scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the 37P level. Knowledge of polarizabilities is required to find a magnitude of energy level shifts in atom by known static electric fields. The Na S and P states possess large quantum defects (1.347 and 0.854, respectively), so that a quadratic Stark effect in weak fields is characteristic for these levels.