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IEEE-Russia Conference on High Power Microwave Electronics: Measurements, Identification, Applications (MIA-ME)

Rydberg's sodium atoms as high-sensitive narrowband reconfigurable microwave detector

Denis B. Tretyakov

Published Jan 22, 2003• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An interaction of microwave radiation with high-excited (Rydberg) atoms has been suggested to be used for radiation detection and measurement of its frequency. Our objective in the present work was to investigate experimentally and theoretically the spectrum of the microwave transition 37P-37S in sodium Rydberg atoms in a weak static electric field and to perform accurate measurements of the scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the 37P level. Knowledge of polarizabilities is required to find a magnitude of energy level shifts in atom by known static electric fields. The Na S and P states possess large quantum defects (1.347 and 0.854, respectively), so that a quadratic Stark effect in weak fields is characteristic for these levels.

DOI
10.1109/miame.1999.827851

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An interaction of microwave radiation with high-excited (Rydberg) atoms has been suggested to be used for radiation detection and measurement of its frequency. Our objective in the present work was to investigate experimentally and theoretically the spectrum of the microwave transition 37P-37S in sodium Rydberg atoms in a weak static electric field and to perform accurate measurements of the scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the 37P level. Knowledge of polarizabilities is required to find a magnitude of energy level shifts in atom by known static electric fields. The Na S and P states possess large quantum defects (1.347 and 0.854, respectively), so that a quadratic Stark effect in weak fields is characteristic for these levels.
The results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the fine structure of the spectrum of the microwave transition 37 P -37 S in sodium Rydberg atoms in a weak electric field are reported. New data are obtained on the experimental values of the scalar and tensor polarizabilities of the 37 P level. A numerical simulation of the Stark diagram, taking into account the influence of the anticrossings of the Rydberg levels, is performed, and the results are found to be in good agreement with experiment.
An experiment on Ramsey interferometry of the 37S 1/2 → 37P 1/2 microwave transition in sodium Rydberg atoms has been performed. Interaction of Rydberg atoms with a cw microwave radiation was effectively controlled by a pulse of weak (<1 V cm −1 ) electric field, that manipulated the transition frequency near 70 050 MHz. The pulse detuned the microwave radiation from exact resonance, and induced additional phases to the wavefunctions of Rydberg states due to the quadratic Stark shifts. As a result, the Ramsey fringes were observable both on scanning the frequency of the microwave field and on scanning the strength of the electric field pulse. The experiment confirmed that this Stark-switching technique provides a fast and effective control of the atom–light interactions, and preserves the atomic coherence. Possible applications of this technique to experiments on quantum computers are discussed.
Experimental results of studying the spectrum of the microwave 37 P -37 S transition of Rydberg sodium atoms in a weak magnetic field (≤7 G) are reported. The populations of the Rydberg states were measured using the method of selective ionization with a pulsed electric field. When the magnetic field was parallel to the ionizing electric field, a good agreement between the calculated and experimental spectral shapes was observed, making it possible to determine the unknown polarization of the microwave radiation. In the case of the orthogonal configuration of the fields, the resonance structure was suppressed in the field ionization signals due to the strong influence of the magnetic field on the electron trajectories in the detection system.
Applicability of Rydberg atoms to quantum computers is examined from experimental point of view. In many theoretical proposals appeared recently, excitation of atoms into highly excited Rydberg states was considered as a way to achieve quantum entanglement in cold atomic ensembles via dipole-dipole interaction that could be strong for Rydberg atoms. Appropriate conditions to realize a conditional quantum phase have been analyzed. We also present the results of modeling experiments on microwave spectroscopy of single- and multi-atom excitations at the one-photon 37S-37P and two-photon 37S-38S transitions in an ensemble of a few sodium Rydberg atoms. The microwave spectra were investigated for various final states of the ensemble initially prepared in its ground state. The quantum NOT operation with single atoms was found to be affected by the Doppler effect and fluctuations of the microwave field. The spectrum of full excitation of several Rydberg atoms was found to be much narrower than that of a single atom. This effect might be useful for the high-resolution spectroscopy. The results may be also applied to the studies on collective laser excitation of ground-state atoms aiming to realize quantum gates.
Rydberg atoms have super polarizability proportional to the principal quantum number n7, so A key characteristic is their pronounced sensitivity to external fields, this property enables their important application in microwave detection. While Rydberg atom-based electric field sensors are promising candidates for microwave detection owing to their wide frequency range and high sensitivity, their narrow measurement bandwidth restricts wider adoption. Here, we show that this bandwidth can be effectively extended by employing a strong magnetic field. Our theoretical study focuses on the hyperfine level splitting of Rydberg atoms under such conditions, confirming that a sufficiently strong magnetic field unlocks the potential for broadband microwave electric field measurement.