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Physical Review A

Measurements of saturation broadening of the Cu 5s’ 4 D5/2 autoionization level by the pulsed optogalvanic technique

M Hakham-Itzhaq, R. Shuker

Published Jan 1, 1993• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The use of the optogalvanic technique to obtain the line profile of the Cu 5s' $^{4}$${\mathit{D}}_{5/2}$ autoionization level with different degrees of saturation broadening is demonstrated. The experimental results point out that the growth of the autoionization-level breadth follows the square root of the increase in the laser intensity. The measured value of the natural breadth of the Cu5s' $^{4}$${\mathit{D}}_{5/2}$ autoionization level is 7.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The laser saturation intensity was measured by two different methods, and its value is about 0.39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09 MW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.47.702

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The use of the optogalvanic technique to obtain the line profile of the Cu 5s' ^{4}$${\mathit{D}}_{5/2} autoionization level with different degrees of saturation broadening is demonstrated. The experimental results point out that the growth of the autoionization-level breadth follows the square root of the increase in the laser intensity. The measured value of the natural breadth of the Cu5s' ^{4}$${\mathit{D}}_{5/2} autoionization level is 7.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 cm\ensuremath−1{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}cm\ensuremath−1. The laser saturation intensity was measured by two different methods, and its value is about 0.39\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09 MW/cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2.
When two levels can be strongly coupled by a pulsed laser, it is possible to measure the decay rate from the upper state by applying sufficient laser power to depletion broaden the transition. The depletion broadening is proportional to the square root of the decay rate times the total energy density of the laser pulse. With sufficient laser power, this technique can be used even if the decay rate is smaller than inhomogeneous broadenings or the laser linewidth. The technique is used here to measure autoionizing rates of some 6P((1/2))ns states.
We present a variation of the isolated-core excitation (ICE) method that measures the linewidths of autoionizing resonances regardless of the limitations imposed by an instrumental linewidth. By exciting an autoionizing state via different ICE satellite transitions, we determine the linewidth of the state from Fano q values of asymmetric spectral profiles. Since the Fano q is insensitive to instrumental broadening, we can measure autoionizing resonance linewidths below the bandwidth of our laser.
The commonly quoted saturation intensity of rubidium (Rb) for D2 transitions is 16.7W.m−2\mathrm{W}.\mathrm{m}^{-2}W.m−2. This value, however, is only accurate for the cycling transition, which renders the Rb atom to resemble a two-level system. In practice, the effective saturation intensity is influenced by various factors, such as the polarization of light, optical pumping, and atom collision which can redistribute the population. As a result, it is crucial to experimentally determine the effective saturation intensity. In this context, we demonstrate a novel yet simple experimental method to measure the effective saturation intensities of Doppler-broadened transitions in atomic vapours. Our method only requires on-resonance absorbance data for various input laser intensities, which can be obtained with a tunable CW laser without the need for precise frequency locking. We applied this method to measure the effective saturation intensities of all four Doppler-broadened D2 transitions in natural rubidium (Rb) vapour (27.8%87Rb and 72.2 %85Rb{}^{\text{8}} {}^{\text{5}}Rb85Rb) atr=35∘Cr={35}^{\circ} \mathrm{C}r=35∘C. The results show that the effective saturation intensities for Rb range from 0.752 to 16.8W.m−2\mathrm{W}.\mathrm{m}^{-2}W.m−2. Notably, for certain transitions (specifically, repump transitions), the effective saturation intensities were smaller than 16.7 W.m−2\mathrm{m}^{-2}m−2(up to an order of magnitude), with potentially important implications for optical pumping in Doppler-broadened transitions.
We have studied two-photon resonant three-photon ionization of atomic sodium vapor. A dye laser tuned to either the 4d or 5s two-photon allowed transition was used to excite the atom and a second more intense laser (λ = 7000 Å) was used for ionization. The ion yield was measured as a function of resonant laser intensity and detuning, the nonresonant laser intensity, and the temporal overlap of the exciting and ionizing laser pulses. We have found1 that at high laser intensities the photoionization yield decreases as the nonresonant laser intensity is increased. When tuned to the 5s level a value of ~−0.6 was obtained for the exponential index even with the resonant laser tuned to maximize the ion yield. A theoretical model including the effects of Stark shift of the ground state, power broadening of the intermediate level due to saturation of the two-photon transition and by rapid transitions to the ionization continuum was used to predict the experimental results. Good agreement between theory and experiment required the use of a photoionization cross section for the 5s level which was ~20 times greater than the accepted value. Results for photoionization from the 4d level are also presented.