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Annales de Physique

Current research in optical pumping

P. R. Berman

Published Jan 1, 1985• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In 1950, Professor Alfred Kastler described the way in which optical fields could be used to redistribute population among the Zeeman sublevels of a given atomic state. The « optical pumping » process discovered by Kastler continues to be a research topic of current interest. With developments in laser spectroscopy, it has become important to understand the interplay of optical pumping, transit-time and collisional effects to properly interpret experimental line shapes. A brief review of the current status of the theory is given, with special emphasis on what, as yet, appear to be unresolved problems. Velocity selective optical pumping and collision-induced resonances are discussed.

DOI
10.1051/anphys:01985001006098500

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Annales de Physique•Jan 1, 1985•0 citations
In 1950, Professor Alfred Kastler described the way in which optical fields could be used to redistribute population among the Zeeman sublevels of a given atomic state. The « optical pumping » process discovered by Kastler continues to be a research topic of current interest. With developments in laser spectroscopy, it has become important to understand the interplay of optical pumping, transit-time and collisional effects to properly interpret experimental line shapes. A brief review of the current status of the theory is given, with special emphasis on what, as yet, appear to be unresolved problems. Velocity selective optical pumping and collision-induced resonances are discussed.
Optical pumping performed with a quasi monochromatic laser beam in an atomic gas introduces a redistribution of Zeeman populations selectively in a single velocity class. In the limit of low pumping intensity the rate theory is valid for a description of velocity-selective optical pumping (V.S.O.P.). Well-defined atomic observables (population, orientation, alignment) and their velocity-correlated collisional relaxation can be studied. Also, a modified scheme for the detection of second order effects of optical pumping allows one to observe light shift induced signals. In particular, V.S.O.P. and its combination with modulated pumping, magnetic depolarization (level crossing), and magnetic resonance techniques provide information about the atomic collision characteristics such as collision rates and kernels for velocity-changing collisions.
A theoretical analysis of the relative intensities of the Doppler-free signals in saturation spectroscopy, velocity selective optical pumping (VSOP) spectroscopy, polarization spectroscopy and a mixing of saturation and polarization spectroscopies is presented using the approximation of a single cycle of optical pumping in a four-level system. An optical pumping process in the Zeeman sublevels is taken into account owing to the important role of spontaneous emission even if the sublevels are degenerate. Arbitrary polarization combinations are considered for pump and probe beams. The similarities and differences between three kinds of spectroscopy are made clear. Both circular and linear optical anisotropies induced by the pump beam are considered in this theoretical calculation. The magnitude and sign of Doppler-free resonances in each spectroscopy are quite different owing to the polarizations of the pump and probe beams. The four-level system is important as a three-level approximation. The results obtained from the four-level optical pumping theory are in good agreement with experimental reports.
First, some historical comments on the Hanle effect and Kastler-type optical pumping are made. Next the recent history of the phenomenon of collision-induced coherences in optical four-wave light mixing experiments is briefly reviewed New experimental results on collision-enhanced Hanle-type resonances in the 3 2S1/2 ground state configuration of Na atoms in a buffer gas at high pressure are presented. The relationship between these optical fourwave experiments and Kastler-type optical pumping is pointed out.
The ground electronic state of even such simple atoms as those of alkali elements has the set of sublevels. These sublevels are hyperfine (HF) components and magnetic sublevels. The collisions with particles of nonmagnetic buffer gas or even with walls (when walls have proper coating) do not mix practically the populations of ground state HF sublevels, if the orbital moment of electrons in the ground state is equal to zero. Due to this reason these sublevels may be extremely long lived. Because of this, for instance, the so-called effects of optical orientation and optical pumping are apparent in atoms of alkali metals. The radiation can pump practically all the atoms (with which there is effective interaction) to a single HF component. In a situation in which optical pumping is a minor effect, the monochromatic absorption line consists of separate lines corresponding to intra-atomic transitions. The optical pumping is not significant, for example, if the radiation intensity is so low that now pumping between HF sublevels occurs in the time it takes the atom to traverse the light beam. Under the conditions of optical pumping and when other nonlinear effects are present, the absorption line profile can undergo considerable alteration. Many theoretical and experimental investigations have been done in the laser spectroscopy of resonant transitions of atoms (atoms of alkali metals) under the conditions of optical pumping within ground state HF structure. A characteristic feature of all such investigations is the velocity-selective excitation of absorbing atoms. Also, as a rule, the value of HF splitting is not very big in comparison to Doppler broadening in these experiments. Under such conditions, the absorption spectra consists of Doppler- broadened lines with nonlinear resonances, which emerge when two fields of different frequencies or different propagation directions are employed. When only one monochromatic traveling wave is employed, optical pumping leads to formation of a single smooth absorption line occupying a position between the resonant transitions frequencies associated with HF components. As HF splitting grows, the line profile remains smooth, its width is approximately equal to the size of the HF splitting. The strength of the optical pumping from one ground state HF component to another is greater for greater HF splitting in comparison to the Doppler width. In this regard, Cs and Rb are the most typical of the alkali atoms (the HF splitting exceeds the Doppler width by a factor close to 20). This is the qualitative picture of the absorption line profile (particularly for a monochromatic radiation) under the conditions of optical pumping between the HF sublevels of the electronic ground state, this qualitative picture had formed by now.