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Homeopathy

Entangled—and tied in knots!

Harald Walach

Published Apr 1, 2005• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The assertion that 'local' theories of homeopathy are traditional appears to be contradicted by Hahnemann's description of the action of homeopathic medicines as 'spirit-like'. Entanglement theory prohibits the use of entangled states to convey information. Experimental proof of entanglement can only come indirectly. The implications for clinical research include that positive results will probably be found only in large series and that studies should avoid imposing a causal framework.

DOI
10.1016/j.homp.2005.02.006

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The assertion that 'local' theories of homeopathy are traditional appears to be contradicted by Hahnemann's description of the action of homeopathic medicines as 'spirit-like'. Entanglement theory prohibits the use of entangled states to convey information. Experimental proof of entanglement can only come indirectly. The implications for clinical research include that positive results will probably be found only in large series and that studies should avoid imposing a causal framework.
In criticising papers which recently appeared in Homeopathy, Leick claims that no double blind randomised clinical trials (DBRCTs) show that homeopathy is efficacious, and that specific effects of substances diluted beyond Avogadro's limit are implausible. He states that generalised entanglement models should be able to improve the design of experiments to test ultra-high dilutions, and disparages the authors' understandings of quantum physics. The paper responds to those criticisms. Several DBRCTs have shown that homeopathy has effects which are not due to placebo and these are now supported by preclinical work. This area of theory is in its infancy and it is unreasonable to expect it to have generated experiments at this stage. The authors have used accepted interpretations of quantum theory: Leick's view is coloured by skepticism concerning homeopathy.
INTRODUCTION This article is written with the intention of explaining the quantum physics of the process of potentisation of a homeopathic medicine. It is proposed as a theory at present, since it has not yet been scientifically proven to be correct by undergoing experimentation in a quantum scale research laboratory. This paper represents a revised version of this theory, since new information has come to light regarding the true nature of the quantum mechanics of the succussion process. I propose that the key to understanding how homeopathic medicines operate is through the understanding of quantum mechanics. When the understanding of quantum mechanics is applied to the process of homeopathic potentisation (i..e succussion and dilution), it is apparent how a homeopathic medicine is able to become increasingly more powerful (and thus potentially more curative) the more it is succussed and diluted. Of particular importance are the dynamics of electrons within the quantum state, since it is these free-standing fundamental particles that configure themselves in increasingly larger and larger numbers with each increasing orbital number, with each subsequent succussion process. With each increase in orbital size there is a concomitant increase in the energy of the atom, which represents an increase in the level of the homeopathic potency. Dr Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), the German medical doctor who founded homeopathy, discovered that in order for a homeopathic medicine to effect a cure it needed to be increasingly potentised or made increasingly powerful. This increase in potency takes place not only through the process of serial dilution but also through the process of serial succussion. I have come to understand that it is the dynamics of succussion and dilution at the quantum scale that are the keys that open the door to the mystery of exactly how a homeopathic medicine works within an organism. This theory of the quantum physics of the potentisation process will now be explained in detail.
BACKGROUND: The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the 'gold standard' of modern clinical pharmacology. However, for many practitioners of homeopathy, blind RCTs are an inadequate research tool for testing complex therapies such as homeopathy. METHODS: Classical probabilities used in biological sciences and in medicine are only a special case of the generalized theory of probability used in quantum physics. I describe homeopathy trials using a quantum-like statistical model, a model inspired by quantum physics and taking into consideration superposition of states, non-commuting observables, probability interferences, contextuality, etc. RESULTS: The negative effect of blinding on success of homeopathy trials and the 'smearing effect' ('specific' effects of homeopathy medicine occurring in the placebo group) are described by quantum-like probabilities without supplementary ad hoc hypotheses. The difference of positive outcome rates between placebo and homeopathy groups frequently vanish in centralized blind trials. The model proposed here suggests a way to circumvent such problems in masked homeopathy trials by incorporating in situ randomization/unblinding. CONCLUSION: In this quantum-like model of homeopathy clinical trials, success in open-label setting and failure with centralized blind RCTs emerge logically from the formalism. This model suggests that significant differences between placebo and homeopathy in blind RCTs would be found more frequently if in situ randomization/unblinding was used.