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Physical Review Letters

Measurement of Dispersive Properties of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Rubidium Atoms

Min Xiao, Yongqing Li, Shaozheng Jin, Julio R. Gea-Banacloche

Published Jan 30, 1995• 731 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The dispersive properties of the atomic transition in the rubidium ${D}_{2}$ line ($5{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$) at 780.0 nm are measured with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer when an additional coupling field at 775.8 nm is applied to an upper transition ($5{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{\frac{5}{2}}$). This ladder-type system is observed to exhibit electromagnetically induced transparency together with a rapidly varying refractive index. A reduction in group velocity for the probe beam (${v}_{g}=\frac{c}{13.2}$) is inferred from the measured dispersion curve with 52.5% suppressed absorption on resonance.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.74.666

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The dispersive properties of the atomic transition in the rubidium D2{D}_{2}D2​ line (5S12\ensuremath−5P325{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}5{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}5S21​​\ensuremath−5P23​​) at 780.0 nm are measured with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer when an additional coupling field at 775.8 nm is applied to an upper transition (5P32\ensuremath−5D525{P}_{\frac{3}{2}}\ensuremath{-}5{D}_{\frac{5}{2}}5P23​​\ensuremath−5D25​​). This ladder-type system is observed to exhibit electromagnetically induced transparency together with a rapidly varying refractive index. A reduction in group velocity for the probe beam (vg=c13.2{v}_{g}=\frac{c}{13.2}vg​=13.2c​) is inferred from the measured dispersion curve with 52.5% suppressed absorption on resonance.
An atomic transition that has been made transparent by applying an additional electromagnetic field exhibits a rapidly varying refractive index with zero group velocity dispersion at line center. A 10-cm-long Pb vapor cell at an atom density of 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1015{10}^{15}1015 atoms/cm3{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}cm3 and probed on its 283-nm resonance transition has a calculated optical delay of 83 ns [(c/VG{\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{G}}VG​)=250].
A 64.4% reduction in absorption at the rubidium D2 line is observed when a pumping field at 775.8 nm is tuned on resonance to the transition between the excited states 5P3/2{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}P3/2​ and 5D5/2{\mathit{D}}_{5/2}D5/2​. As the pumping field is tuned off resonance, an absorption peak appears at the side of the Doppler-broadened D2 line. This modification in absorption is related to pumping-induced atomic coherence in this three-level ladder-type system. This experiment is done in a Rb vapor cell at room temperature and with cw diode lasers for both pumping and probe beams in a Doppler-free configuration.
Continuous wave extended cavity diode lasers are used to measure the absorptive and dispersive properties of the 5 2S1/2 → 5 (^2)Рз/2 resonance, at 780 nm, in Rubidium (Rb) vapour. The Doppler-broadened hyperfine transitions are studied both with and without a pump beam. The investigation concentrates on three-level Л-systems, realized in the presence of a pump beam, exhibiting Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT). Electromagnetically Induced Absorption (EIA) IS also seen. The EIT and EIA resonances can be several orders of magnitude narrower than the natural line width of the atomic transitions in the absence of the pump beam. Further, the EIT resonances are sensitive to applied magnetic fields. The narrowest resonances measured in this work have a full-width at half- maximum of 〜 80 kHz. This is limited by the transit time of the atoms through the probe and pump beams. Predictions of theoretical calculations and models are compared to experimental results. The theory of beam splitters and interferometers is developed to enable the implementation of a Sagnac interferometer in a novel "biased" alignment. This allows the dispersion of atomic resonances to be measured directly. The direct measurement of the dispersion of the narrow EIT features in a "biased" Sagnac interferometer is presented. Such a signal is ideally suited to precision measurement applications such 88 inertial sensing and magnetometry.
We demonstrate electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in a sample of rubidium atoms, trapped in an optical dipole trap. Mixing a small amount of σ−σ^-σ−-polarized light to the weak σ+σ^+σ+-polarized probe pulses, we are able to measure the absorptive and dispersive properties of the atomic medium at the same time. Features as small as 4 kHz have been detected on an absorption line with 20 MHz line width.
An electromagnetically induced transparency is observed at one arm of a three-level \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type system in a rubidium D1 line (794.8 nm) with an 85% reduction in absorption, when a pumping field is present at the other arm. This reduction in absorption for the weak probe field is due to the atomic coherence produced by the strong pumping field. This experiment is done in a Rb vapor cell at room temperature with cw diode lasers for both pumping and probe beams in a Doppler-free configuration. A simple theoretical treatment including Doppler broadening is in good qualitative agreement with the experimental measurement.