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Physical Review A

Subwavelength optical microscopy in the far field

Qingqing Sun, M. Al-Amri, Marlan O. Scully, Muhammad Suhail Zubairy

Published Jun 16, 2011• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a procedure for subwavelength optical microscopy. The identical atoms are distributed on a plane and shined with a standing wave. We rotate the plane to different angles and record the resonant fluorescence spectra in the far field, from which we can obtain their distance and location information. This procedure also works for atomic separation above one wavelength and therefore provides a seamless microscopy.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.83.063818

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We present a procedure for subwavelength optical microscopy. The identical atoms are distributed on a plane and shined with a standing wave. We rotate the plane to different angles and record the resonant fluorescence spectra in the far field, from which we can obtain their distance and location information. This procedure also works for atomic separation above one wavelength and therefore provides a seamless microscopy.
We evaluate the resonance-fluorescence spectrum of a bunch of two-level atoms driven by a gradient coherent laser field. The result shows that we can determine the positions of atoms from the spectrum even when the atoms locate within the subwavelength range and the dipole-dipole interaction is significant. This far-field resonance-fluorescence-localization microscopy method does not require point-by-point scanning, and it may be more time efficient. We also give a possible scheme to extract the position information in an extended region without requiring more peak power of the laser. Finally, we also briefly discuss how to perform two-dimensional imaging based on our scheme.
We realize a scanning probe microscope using single trapped ^{87}Rb atoms to measure optical fields with subwavelength spatial resolution. Our microscope operates by detecting fluorescence from a single atom driven by near-resonant light and determining the ac Stark shift of an atomic transition from other local optical fields via the change in the fluorescence rate. We benchmark the microscope by measuring two standing-wave Gaussian modes of a Fabry-Pérot resonator with optical wavelengths of 1560 and 781 nm. We attain a spatial resolution of 300 nm, which is superresolving compared to the limit set by the 780 nm wavelength of the detected light. Sensitivity to short length scale features is enhanced by adapting the sensor to characterize an optical field via the force it exerts on the atom.
Precision measurement of small separations between two atoms or molecules has been of interest since the early days of science. Here, we discuss a scheme which yields spatial information on a system of two identical atoms placed in a standing wave laser field. The information is extracted from the collective resonance fluorescence spectrum, relying entirely on far-field imaging techniques. Both the interatomic separation and the positions of the two particles can be measured with fractional-wavelength precision over a wide range of distances from about $\ensuremath{\lambda}∕550$ to $\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$.
The resolutions of the optical microscope and the optical lithography are both limited by the well-known Rayleigh limit. Rabi oscillation is a coherent nonlinear process that can modulate the population distribution between two energy states and also modulate the resonant fluorescence spectrum. If we have a gradient electric field amplitude in the space, the Rabi frequency for different position is also different. The spatial distribution of the population in the excited state can be modulated and the spatial information of the atoms can also be encoded in the resonant fluorescence spectrum. If the gradient of the field is large enough, the pattern generated can be subwavlength and the atoms with subwavelength distances can also be extracted. Here we present a review on both the subwavelength photolithography and microscopy via Rabi oscillations.