We quantify and compare the quantum multipartite entanglement generated in two different physical systems involving parametric down-conversion of a multimode pumping field. In particular, we focus our attention on its scaling properties with respect to the number N of modes involved in the processes.
We use a versatile model to evaluate the multipartite entanglement and the nonclassical light generation in optical parametric oscillators, exploring the differences between doubly and triply resonant cavity configurations. We demonstrate the entanglement of the pump mode with converted fields in both situations, and the fundamental differences of oscillators using parametric down conversion and four wave mixing processes as the intracavity amplification technique. The strong correlations involving the sidebands of the pump and converted fields give the signatures of a rich dynamic of multipartite entanglement.
We present a simple model together with its physical implementation which allows one to generate multipartite entanglement between several spatial modes of the electromagnetic field. It is based on parametric down-conversion with N pairs of symmetrically tilted plane waves serving as a pump. The characteristics of this spatial entanglement are investigated in the cases of zero as well as nonzero phase mismatch. Furthermore, the phenomenon of entanglement localization in just two spatial modes is studied in detail and shown to result in an enhancement of the entanglement by a factor N.
We study the quantum dynamics of the k-photon down-conversion process. We concentrate our attention on the entanglement between the pump and the signal modes. We show that the degree of the entanglement between the pump and the signal depends on the initial statistics of the light field in both modes. Moreover, the higher the nonlinear process the stronger the entanglement is. The entanglement between the modes is related to the marginal entropy in the pump (signal) mode; i.e., the larger the entanglement, the larger the entropy is. In the quantum k-photon down-conversion the signal mode at t>0 is not generally in a pure state which restricts applicability of the parametric approximation.
We investigate the quantum state generated by optical parametric down-conversion in a ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}$ medium driven by two noncollinear light modes. The analysis shows the emergence of multimode, namely, three- or four-mode, entangled states in a subset of the spatiotemporal modes generated by the process. These appear as bright spots against the background fluorescence, providing an interesting analogy with the phenomenology recently observed in two-dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals. We study two realistic setups. (1) Noncritical phase matching in a periodically poled lithium tantalate slab, characterized by a three-mode entangled state. (2) A type I setup in a beta-barium borate crystal, where the spatial walk-off between the two pumps can be exploited to make a transition to a four-mode entangled state. In both cases, we show that the properties of the state can be controlled by modulating the relative intensity of two pump waves, making the device a versatile tool for quantum state engineering.