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Physical Review A

Induced transparency and absorption in coupled whispering-gallery microresonators

Ahmer Naweed, George Farca, Siyka I. Shopova, Albert T. Rosenberger

Published Apr 5, 2005• 236 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Optical behavior analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption is observed in experiments using coupled fused-silica microspheres. This behavior results from interference between coresonant whispering-gallery modes of the two spheres. Coupled-resonator-induced transparency and absorption are observed. Which effect is seen depends on the strength of coupling of incident light from a tapered fiber into the first sphere and on the strength of coupling between the two spheres. The observed effects can enhance microresonator performance in various applications.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.71.043804

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Optical behavior analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption is observed in experiments using coupled fused-silica microspheres. This behavior results from interference between coresonant whispering-gallery modes of the two spheres. Coupled-resonator-induced transparency and absorption are observed. Which effect is seen depends on the strength of coupling of incident light from a tapered fiber into the first sphere and on the strength of coupling between the two spheres. The observed effects can enhance microresonator performance in various applications.
Electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption in atomic systems have applications such as slow-light generation. Coupled-resonator-induced transparency (CRIT) and absorption (CRIA) are the optical analogy to them. Here we theoretically and experimentally study CRIT and CRIA in two directly coupled whispering-gallery-mode microresonators. The theoretical results give conditions for observing CRIT and CRIA, and predict that a transition between them will happen if we change the coupling strength between the two microresonators or the coupling strength between the fiber taper and the first microresonator. The experimental results demonstrate the transitions between CRIT and CRIA using a microsphere coupled to a sausagelike microresonator. The obtained results give some guidelines to observe CRIT and CRIA.
The throughput of a single fiber-coupled whispering-gallery microresonator, such as a fused-silica microsphere, can exhibit behavior analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption (EIT, EIA). These effects enable slow and fast light, respectively, in the form of pulse delay or advancement. Two different methods can be used to realize this behavior; in both methods, the key feature is the use of two coresonant orthogonally polarized whisperinggallery modes of very different quality factor (Q). The first method relies on intracavity cross-polarization coupling when only one mode is driven, and the second method uses a simple superposition of orthogonal throughputs (in the absence of intracavity cross-polarization mode coupling) when the two modes are simultaneously driven. We refer to the behavior observed using the first method as coupled-mode induced transparency and absorption (CMIT, CMIA), and the behavior of the second method as coresonant polarization induced transparency and absorption (CPIT, CPIA). In both cases, polarization-sensitive detection of the throughput is used, and the EIT/EIA analog features are observed on the same polarization component as that of the linearly polarized input. Some predictions of a numerical model of these processes are presented here. In addition to a discussion of these predictions, which assume conditions accessible to experiment, some experimental results are briefly described.
Induced transparency and absorption effects are observed in the throughput of a hollow bottle microresonator using either mode coupling or superposition of two coresonant orthogonally polarized whispering gallery modes of very different quality factors (Q). The first method is based on intracavity cross polarization coupling when either the TE mode or the TM mode is driven, resulting in coupled mode induced transparency (CMIT) and coupled mode induced absorption (CMIA). The second method is based on superposition of the throughputs when the two modes are simultaneously driven by input light linearly polarized at an angle of 45° with respect to the TE-TM basis of the resonator, and throughput of the same polarization is detected. In this way, superposition can be created even in the absence of cross polarization coupling. The observations using the second method are referred to as coresonant polarization induced transparency and absorption (CPIT, CPIA). Coresonance between the TE and TM modes can be obtained by strain tuning. The above behaviors are analogous to electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption (EIT, EIA), and enable slow light and fast light, i.e., the delay or advancement of an incident resonant pulse. Experimental results representative of several different types of behavior are presented here. Induced transparency is seen to be accompanied by pulse delay, whereas induced absorption can be accompanied by pulse advancement or delay. The results are analyzed and explained by simple analytical modeling and by comparison to the output of a more detailed numerical model describing these effects.
Optical interference and the related effects are key elements which could exhibit the properties of both classical and quantum optical systems. Usually, the interference between different optical paths may produce intriguing effects, such as the electromagnetically induced transparent (EIT) and so on. In this work, we study the interference effects in directly coupled whispering-gallery mode (WGM) micro-resonators, in which the emergence of EIT and electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) could be observed. We find by tuning the coupling strength between the resonators, the modulation phase may control the appearance and disappearance of EIT (EIA). Furthermore, we prove the existence of fast and slow light, and propose a scheme for effective switching between them. This work provides a new strategy for obtaining slow light and quantum storage in the WGM micro-resonators.