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The European Physical Journal D

The geometric phase in photon systems

J. Lu

Published Jan 1, 1999• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By using the Maxwell equations in a Schrödinger-like form, the geometric phase in photon systems is calculated. This approach provides a unified way to discuss geometric phases in both photon (massless) and other massive particle systems. The concept of parameter space is not introduced in our discussion. So all complications caused by it can be avoided. In principle, this approach can used to calculate the geometric phase in any cyclic evolution of photon systems.

DOI
10.1007/pl00021596

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By using the Maxwell equations in a Schrödinger-like form, the geometric phase in photon systems is calculated. This approach provides a unified way to discuss geometric phases in both photon (massless) and other massive particle systems. The concept of parameter space is not introduced in our discussion. So all complications caused by it can be avoided. In principle, this approach can used to calculate the geometric phase in any cyclic evolution of photon systems.
In the paper a problem of geometric phase decomposition for general evolutions in the Hilbert space is addressed. The decomposition of total phase into dynamical and geometrical parts employs a state representation in the noninteraction picture. The noninteraction picture is introduced with the help of decomposition of the system evolution operator into two parts, the one pertaining to free evolution and the other to interaction. The procedure requires the problem to be an exactly solvable case of the Schrödinger equation. The most common class of such problems includes dipole Hamiltonians, for which the evolution operator can be decomposed into a combination of unitary operators. Geometric phase decomposition in the noninteraction picture can be applied to general noncyclic evolutions, but for the cyclic states it reduces to the Floquet decomposition. Defined this way, geometric phase possesses characteristic features of geometric phase for the free system, but extends some stationary properties to temporal dependences. As a case, the time-dependent relationship between geometric phase and the nonstationarity of a quantum state is illustrated by an example of a spin-½ in a rotating magnetic field. It is shown that geometric phase reaches a maximum when the spin state becomes completely nonstationary.
The concept of Geometric Phase in Quantum Mechanics is generally formulated en- tirely in terms of geometric structure of complex Hilbert Space. This tutorial article gives a general mathematical overview of the Geometric phase introduced by Berry with the conditions over the system’s evolution embedded through adiabaticity and cyclicity, which were subsequently relaxed sequentially by Aharonov-Anandan, Samuel-Bhandari, and later by Mukunda and Simon by using the idea of Bargmann Invariants. The arti- cle presents a thorough and illustrative overview regarding the mathematical derivation behind the upliftment of the conditions, which results in the generalized definition of the Geometric phase for quantum systems. In addition to that, the article also gives an overall idea about the general analytical aspects of finding the Geometric phase for three level open quantum systems undergoing decoherence and dephasing due to interaction with the surroundings in the weak system reservoir coupling limit described by quantum master equations.
Abstract We illustrate the geometric phase associated with the cyclic dynamics of a classical system of coupled oscillators. We use an analogy between a classical coupled oscillator and a two-state quantum mechanical system to represent the evolution of the oscillator on an equivalent Hilbert space, which may be represented as a trajectory on the surface of a sphere. The cyclic evolution of the system leads to a change in phase, which consists of a dynamic phase along with an additional phase shift dependent on the geometry of the evolution. A simple experiment suitable for advanced undergraduate students is designed to study the geometric phase incurred during cyclic evolution of a coupled oscillator.
We analyze the geometric phase for an open quantum system when computed by resorting to a stochastic unraveling of the reduced density matrix (quantum jump approach or stochastic Schr\"odinger equations). We show that the resulting phase strongly depends on the type of unraveling used for the calculations: as such, this phase is not a geometric object since it depends on nonphysical parameters, which are not related to the path followed by the density matrix during the evolution of the system.