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Chinese Physics Letters

Single Photon Detector at Telecom Wavelengths for Quantum Key Distribution

Yun Liu, Qing-Lin Wu, Zheng‐Fu Han, Dai Yi-Min, Guo Guang-Can

Published Jan 1, 2006• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes as sensors and coaxial cables as reflection lines to reject spike signals, we have firstly employed the ``timing filtering'' gates to pick out avalanche signals and have realized the single photon detection at 1550 nm in the temperature range of thermoelectric cooling. A ratio of the dark count rate to the detection efficiency was obtained to be 9 × 10 −5 at 223 K. When the detector is applied to a practical quantum key distribution system, the transmission distance can reach 89.5 km and the repetition rate can reach 0.33 MHz.

DOI
10.1088/0256-307x/23/1/073

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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•May 12, 2004•2 citations
Using InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes as sensors and coaxial cables as reflection lines to reject spike signals, we have firstly employed the ``timing filtering'' gates to pick out avalanche signals and have realized the single photon detection at 1550 nm in the temperature range of thermoelectric cooling. A ratio of the dark count rate to the detection efficiency was obtained to be 9 × 10 −5 at 223 K. When the detector is applied to a practical quantum key distribution system, the transmission distance can reach 89.5 km and the repetition rate can reach 0.33 MHz.
The performance of three types of InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes is investigated for photon counting at 1550 nm in the temperature range of thermoelectric cooling. The best one yields a dark count probability of 2.8 × 10−5 per gate (2.4 ns) at a detection efficiency of 10% and a temperature of -60°C. The afterpulse probability and the timing jitter are also studied. The results obtained are compared with those of other papers and applied to the simulation of a quantum key distribution system. An error rate of 10% would be obtained after 54 km.
A brief overview is given of single photon detector performance requirements for quantum cryptography applications. The analysis is made with respect to restrictions necessary to secure the quantum key distribution channel. InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode performance is analysed for single photon counting at 1550 nm. Quantum efficiency, dark current and afterpulsing probability (for times up to 100μs after an initial avalanche) are studied in a wider temperature range than previously reported (0deg; C to –80deg;C). We show that photon counting is a bottle-neck in current quantum key distribution systems and provides the source for future performance improvement.
In our recent experiment, we have designed a novel single-photon detecting module for quantum key distribution using an InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode with gate-mode quenched photo-detection. At a repetition rate of 100 kHz and the working temperature of -60°C, we obtained the detection efficiency η higher than 10% and 20% at the dark probability Pd about 1.3×10-5 and 1.6×10-5 per nanosecond, respectively. Also at 100 kHz, we got the best ratio of Pd/η as 1.7×10-3 per pulse (20 ns). And at a lower repetition such as 10 kHz, we obtained Pd/η as 8.9×10-4 per pulse.