Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Modern Physics Letters B

RECENT PROGRESS IN RECONSTRUCTING QUANTUM STATES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

Zhi‐Ming Zhang

Published Apr 20, 2004• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The reconstruction of quantum states of electromagnetic fields is an active research field in modern physics. This paper presents a brief review on this issue. Our review includes the theoretical proposals and experimental measurements on the reconstruction of quantum states of traveling fields and cavity fields. For traveling fields and cavity fields, we discuss the one-mode, two-mode, and multi-mode cases, respectively.

DOI
10.1142/s0217984904007001

Related papers

Reconstruction of quantum entanglement in cavity QED

Myung Shik Kim

Summary form only given, as follows. The subject of state reconstruction has recently become a major field of study in quantum optics [see Special issue on Quantum state preparation and measurement, J. Mod Opt., 11/12, (1997), edited by W.P. Schleich and M.G. Raymer]. The quasiprobability functions and density matrices have been measured experimentally for single-mode running fields using the homodyne scheme. However, most of the earlier reconstruction schemes are for single-mode fields. In this presentation the author is interested in reconstruction of a two-mode entangled cavity field.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR)•Jan 20, 2003•0 citations

Simulation of quantum-state endoscopy

P. J. Bardroff, E. Mayr, W. P. Schleich +4 more

We demonstrate the experimental feasibility of quantum-state endoscopy [P. J. Bardroff, E. Mayr, and W. P. Schleich, Phys. Rev. A 51, 4963 (1995)] to measure the complete quantum state of a single mode of the electromagnetic field in a cavity. We perform numerical simulations of an experiment in progress. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Physical Review A•Apr 1, 1996•42 citations

Continuous-variable optical quantum-state tomography

Alexander I. Lvovsky, Michael G. Raymer

This review covers the latest developments in continuous-variable quantum-state tomography of optical fields and photons, placing a special emphasis on its practical aspects and applications in quantum-information technology. Optical homodyne tomography is reviewed as a method of reconstructing the state of light in a given optical mode. A range of relevant practical topics is discussed, such as state-reconstruction algorithms (with emphasis on the maximum-likelihood technique), the technology of time-domain homodyne detection, mode-matching issues, and engineering of complex quantum states of light. The paper also surveys quantum-state tomography for the transverse spatial state (spatial mode) of the field in the special case of fields containing precisely one photon.

arXiv:quant-ph/0511044•Reviews of Modern Physics•Mar 16, 2009•1,125 citations

Exploring the quantumness of light

S. Haroche

After a brief review of experiments realized on optical fields, the author will focus on recent cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) studies performed on a microwave field trapped between highly reflecting superconducting mirrors and probed by Rydberg atoms. Exotic Fock and Schrodinger cat states of radiation are generated, kept in a cavity for an observable time and reconstructed in details. The decoherence of these states - i.e. their progressive transformation into mundane classical states under the effect of their coupling to the environment - is recorded in real time, realizing a detailed exploration of the quantum to classical boundary.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•Jun 1, 2009•1 citation

An Overview on Single Apparatus Quantum Measurements

Bahar Mehmani, Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen

Given the state of a quantum system, one can calculate the expectation value of any observable of the system. However, the inverse problem of determining the state by performing different measurements is not a trivial task. In various experimental setups it is reasonably straightforward to reconstruct the state of a quantum system employing linear tomographic technique. In this way the elements of the density matrix can be linearly related to a set of measured quantities. But since different observables of a quantum system are not commuting with each other, one often has to perform series of successive measurements of observables which cannot be done simultaneously. Simultaneous measurement of observables cost less time and energy and is more beneficial. In this paper we review the strategy of quantum state tomography with simultaneous measurement of commuting observables. This can be done by introducing an assistant system of which the state is known. We show that the interaction between the assistant and the system of interest within different frame works allows the reconstruction of the state of the system. Specifically, we consider a two-level system and reconstruct its initial state by introducing an assistant which can be either another two-level system or a single cavity mode of the electromagnetic field.

arXiv:1007.3635•Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience•Mar 23, 2011•4 citations

Determining the state of a single cavity mode from photon statistics

Kurt A. Jacobs, P. L. Knight, Vlatko Vedral

We present various schemes for measuring the quantum state of a single mode of the electromagnetic field. These involve measuring the photon statistics for the mode before and after an interaction with either one or two two-level atoms. The photon statistics conditioned on the final state of the atoms, for two choices of the initial set of atomic states, along with the initial photon statistics, may be used to calculate the complete quantum state in a simple manner. Alternatively, when one atom is used, two unconditioned sets of photon statistics, each after interaction with a single atom in different initial states, along with the initial photon statistics may be used to calculate the initial state in a simple manner. When the cavity is allowed to interact with just one atom, only pure cavity states which do not contain zeros in the photon distribution may be reconstructed. When two atoms are used we may reconstruct pure states which do not contain adjacent zeros in the photon distribution. Coherent states and number states are among those that may be measured with one-atom interaction, and squeezed states and ‚Schrödinger cats‘ are among those that may be measured with a two-atom interaction.

Journal of Modern Optics•Nov 1, 1997•6 citations
The reconstruction of quantum states of electromagnetic fields is an active research field in modern physics. This paper presents a brief review on this issue. Our review includes the theoretical proposals and experimental measurements on the reconstruction of quantum states of traveling fields and cavity fields. For traveling fields and cavity fields, we discuss the one-mode, two-mode, and multi-mode cases, respectively.
Summary form only given, as follows. The subject of state reconstruction has recently become a major field of study in quantum optics [see Special issue on Quantum state preparation and measurement, J. Mod Opt., 11/12, (1997), edited by W.P. Schleich and M.G. Raymer]. The quasiprobability functions and density matrices have been measured experimentally for single-mode running fields using the homodyne scheme. However, most of the earlier reconstruction schemes are for single-mode fields. In this presentation the author is interested in reconstruction of a two-mode entangled cavity field.
This review covers the latest developments in continuous-variable quantum-state tomography of optical fields and photons, placing a special emphasis on its practical aspects and applications in quantum-information technology. Optical homodyne tomography is reviewed as a method of reconstructing the state of light in a given optical mode. A range of relevant practical topics is discussed, such as state-reconstruction algorithms (with emphasis on the maximum-likelihood technique), the technology of time-domain homodyne detection, mode-matching issues, and engineering of complex quantum states of light. The paper also surveys quantum-state tomography for the transverse spatial state (spatial mode) of the field in the special case of fields containing precisely one photon.
After a brief review of experiments realized on optical fields, the author will focus on recent cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) studies performed on a microwave field trapped between highly reflecting superconducting mirrors and probed by Rydberg atoms. Exotic Fock and Schrodinger cat states of radiation are generated, kept in a cavity for an observable time and reconstructed in details. The decoherence of these states - i.e. their progressive transformation into mundane classical states under the effect of their coupling to the environment - is recorded in real time, realizing a detailed exploration of the quantum to classical boundary.
Given the state of a quantum system, one can calculate the expectation value of any observable of the system. However, the inverse problem of determining the state by performing different measurements is not a trivial task. In various experimental setups it is reasonably straightforward to reconstruct the state of a quantum system employing linear tomographic technique. In this way the elements of the density matrix can be linearly related to a set of measured quantities. But since different observables of a quantum system are not commuting with each other, one often has to perform series of successive measurements of observables which cannot be done simultaneously. Simultaneous measurement of observables cost less time and energy and is more beneficial. In this paper we review the strategy of quantum state tomography with simultaneous measurement of commuting observables. This can be done by introducing an assistant system of which the state is known. We show that the interaction between the assistant and the system of interest within different frame works allows the reconstruction of the state of the system. Specifically, we consider a two-level system and reconstruct its initial state by introducing an assistant which can be either another two-level system or a single cavity mode of the electromagnetic field.
We present various schemes for measuring the quantum state of a single mode of the electromagnetic field. These involve measuring the photon statistics for the mode before and after an interaction with either one or two two-level atoms. The photon statistics conditioned on the final state of the atoms, for two choices of the initial set of atomic states, along with the initial photon statistics, may be used to calculate the complete quantum state in a simple manner. Alternatively, when one atom is used, two unconditioned sets of photon statistics, each after interaction with a single atom in different initial states, along with the initial photon statistics may be used to calculate the initial state in a simple manner. When the cavity is allowed to interact with just one atom, only pure cavity states which do not contain zeros in the photon distribution may be reconstructed. When two atoms are used we may reconstruct pure states which do not contain adjacent zeros in the photon distribution. Coherent states and number states are among those that may be measured with one-atom interaction, and squeezed states and ‚Schrödinger cats‘ are among those that may be measured with a two-atom interaction.