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Journal of Modern Optics

Determining the state of a single cavity mode from photon statistics

Kurt A. Jacobs, P. L. Knight, Vlatko Vedral

Published Nov 1, 1997• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present various schemes for measuring the quantum state of a single mode of the electromagnetic field. These involve measuring the photon statistics for the mode before and after an interaction with either one or two two-level atoms. The photon statistics conditioned on the final state of the atoms, for two choices of the initial set of atomic states, along with the initial photon statistics, may be used to calculate the complete quantum state in a simple manner. Alternatively, when one atom is used, two unconditioned sets of photon statistics, each after interaction with a single atom in different initial states, along with the initial photon statistics may be used to calculate the initial state in a simple manner. When the cavity is allowed to interact with just one atom, only pure cavity states which do not contain zeros in the photon distribution may be reconstructed. When two atoms are used we may reconstruct pure states which do not contain adjacent zeros in the photon distribution. Coherent states and number states are among those that may be measured with one-atom interaction, and squeezed states and ‚Schrödinger cats‘ are among those that may be measured with a two-atom interaction.

DOI
10.1080/09500349708231892

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We present various schemes for measuring the quantum state of a single mode of the electromagnetic field. These involve measuring the photon statistics for the mode before and after an interaction with either one or two two-level atoms. The photon statistics conditioned on the final state of the atoms, for two choices of the initial set of atomic states, along with the initial photon statistics, may be used to calculate the complete quantum state in a simple manner. Alternatively, when one atom is used, two unconditioned sets of photon statistics, each after interaction with a single atom in different initial states, along with the initial photon statistics may be used to calculate the initial state in a simple manner. When the cavity is allowed to interact with just one atom, only pure cavity states which do not contain zeros in the photon distribution may be reconstructed. When two atoms are used we may reconstruct pure states which do not contain adjacent zeros in the photon distribution. Coherent states and number states are among those that may be measured with one-atom interaction, and squeezed states and ‚Schrödinger cats‘ are among those that may be measured with a two-atom interaction.
We propose a scheme for the measurement of a two-mode entangled field-state in a high-QQQ cavity. The scheme utilizes the momentum distribution spectrum in the Raman-Nath regime of a three-level atom in VVV configuration. Due to the two modes of the electromagnetic field the atom may have xxx interactions with mode AAA, and yyy interactions with mode BBB, causing a complex momentum distribution. The momentum distribution of the atom after interaction with the quantized cavity fields contains the information of the field photon statistics. We reconstruct the joint photon statistics of the entangled field with the help of recorded momentum spectrum. We also propose to reconstruct the Wigner function of a two-mode entangled field state by injecting two coherent states resonant to each mode into the cavity and then measuring the joint photon statistics of the displaced field.
This paper contains a theoretical treatment of a scheme for determining phase-dependent features of a single mode of quantized light fields in general states. The proposal involves using a three-level atom, in a cascade configuration, as a detector. The cascade atom, which is on two-photon resonance with the field, is prepared in a coherent superposition of the upper and lower levels, and detection involves measuring the probability of the cascade atom being in the upper level. The results depend on the phase difference between the amplitudes for the field being in N and N + 2 photon states in the number state basis, and are important in describing nonclassical states, such as squeezed and Schrödinger cat states. The analysis is based on a standard dressed atom model approach and a Fourier treatment of the measured signal. The experimental possibilities of realizing this scheme are also discussed.
We propose a quantum nondemolition measurement of the photon-number distribution for a two-mode cavity field. In the scheme two sequences of two-level atoms interact dispersively with the respective cavity modes and resonantly with two classical fields, and then are detected continually. The field finally reduces to a two-mode Fock state. The probability of collapsing to a given Fock state is determined by the initial photon-number distribution. The scheme can be easily generalized to a field with N modes.
We propose a scheme for the measurement of joint photon statistics and Wigner function of the entangled field states between two separate cavities. The scheme utilizes the momentum state of the two-level atoms in Bragg's regime. The probability of finding the atom in any one of the momentum states is the product of joint photon statistics and an oscillatory function. The argument of the function contains the information of the joint photon numbers in two cavities. We use the method of state reduction to a single set of joint photon numbers, which is a consequence of the measuring sequence. The repeated measurement of the set of photon numbers gives the joint photon statistics of the entangled field state. The complete entangled state can be reconstructed as a Wigner function from the knowledge of photon statistics of the coherently displaced entangled state.
We study the evolution of entanglement for a pair of two-level Rydberg atoms passing one after another into an ideal cavity filled with a single mode radiation field. The atoms interact with the cavity field via two-photon transitions. The initial joint state of two atoms that enter the cavity one after the other is unentangled. Interactions intervened by the single mode cavity photon field brings out the final two-atom mixed entangled type state. We use the well known measure appropriate for the mixed states, i.e. the entanglement of formation to quantify the entanglement. We calculate the entanglement of formation of the joint two-atom state as a function of the Rabi angle, for the Fock state field, coherent field and thermal field respectively inside the cavity. The change in the magnitude of atomic entanglement with cavity photon number has been discussed.
A single two-level atom can be used to prepare an arbitrary photon number state (Fock state) in a high Q cavity . The atom undergoes a controlled succession of interactions with two cavity modes. One of them contains a coherent field. The atom transfers photons one by one from this field to the initially empty second mode. The scheme can be extended to prepare a quantum superposition of the vacuum with a Fock state, a highly non-classical situation. We discuss the feasibility of the experiment with our present Rydberg-atom cavity QED set-up.