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Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences

The Quantum Weak Coupling Limit (II): Langevin Equation and Finite Temperature Case

Luigi Accardi, Alberto Frigerio, Yun Gang Lu

Published Aug 31, 1995• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We complete the program started in [4] by proving that, in the weak coupling limit, the matrix elements, in the collective coherent vectors, of the Heisenberg evolved of an observable of a system coupled to a quasi-free reservoir through a laser type interaction, converge to the matrix elements of a quantum stochastic process satisfying a quantum Langevin equation driven by a quantum Brownian motion. Our results apply to an arbitrary quasi-free reservoir so, in particular, the finite temperature case is included.

DOI
10.2977/prims/1195163914

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We complete the program started in [4] by proving that, in the weak coupling limit, the matrix elements, in the collective coherent vectors, of the Heisenberg evolved of an observable of a system coupled to a quasi-free reservoir through a laser type interaction, converge to the matrix elements of a quantum stochastic process satisfying a quantum Langevin equation driven by a quantum Brownian motion. Our results apply to an arbitrary quasi-free reservoir so, in particular, the finite temperature case is included.
The weak coupling limit of a ‘‘system+reservoir’’ model with nonlinear (quadratic) interaction is discussed. In a previous paper [Accardi and Lu, Stoch. Process. Phys. Geom., 1–26], it has been shown that, if the matrix elements of the van Hove rescaled evolution are taken with respect to the same collective vectors used for linear interactions, then the limiting evolution is not unitary. In the present paper, we choose a new type of collective vectors and obtain, in the weak coupling limit, a unitary evolution satisfying a quantum stochastic differential equation. A remarkable feature of the limiting process is that the quadratic nature of the interaction shows up in a nontrivial choice of the Hilbert space where the limiting quantum noise takes its values, which is qualitatively new with respect to all the models considered up to now.
The authors conclude a research programme developed by various authors in several papers. The basic idea of this programme is to explain the irreversible behaviour of quantum systems as a limiting case (in a sense to be made precise) of usual quantum dynamics. One starts with a system interacting with a reservoir and, in the first attempts to deal with this problem, only limits of observables of the system and deduced master equations were considered. In their approach they study the limits of quantities related to the whole compound system. As a corollary they obtain an explanation of the physical origins of the quantum Brownian motion. They study the low-density limit of a system coupled to a quasi-free boson reservoir in the equilibrium state at inverse temperature beta and fugacity z, through an interaction of the scattering type, i.e. one which preserves the total number of particles of the reservoir.
A rigorous derivation of quantum Langevin equation from microscopic dynamics in the low density limit is given. We consider a quantum model of a microscopic system (test particle) coupled with a reservoir (gas of light Bose particles) via interaction of scattering type. We formulate a mathematical procedure (the so-called stochastic golden rule) which allows us to determine the quantum Langevin equation in the limit of large time and small density of particles of the reservoir. The quantum Langevin equation describes not only dynamics of the system but also the reservoir. We show that the generator of the corresponding master equation has the Lindblad form of most general generators of completely positive semigroups.
Abstract This review provides a brief and quick introduction to the quantum Langevin equation for an oscillator, while focusing on the steady-state thermodynamic aspects. A derivation of the quantum Langevin equation is carefully outlined based on the microscopic model of the heat bath as a collection of a large number of independent quantum oscillators, the so-called independent-oscillator model. This is followed by a discussion on the relevant ‘weak-coupling’ limit. In the steady state, we analyze the quantum counterpart of energy equipartition theorem which has generated a considerable amount of interest in recent literature. The free energy, entropy, specific heat, and third law of thermodynamics are discussed for one-dimensional quantum Brownian motion in a harmonic well. Following this, we explore some aspects of dissipative diamagnetism in the context of quantum Brownian oscillators, emphasizing upon the role of confining potentials and also upon the environment-induced classical-quantum crossover. We discuss situations where the system-bath coupling is via the momentum variables by focusing on a gauge-invariant model of momentum-momentum coupling in the presence of a vector potential; for this problem, we derive the quantum Langevin equation and discuss quantum thermodynamic functions. Finally, the topic of fluctuation theorems is discussed (albeit, briefly) in the context of classical and quantum cyclotron motion of a particle coupled to a heat bath.