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Physical Review A

Elimination of the band gap of a resonant optical material by electromagnetically induced transparency

G. S. Agarwal, Robert W. Boyd

Published Oct 1, 1999• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We consider the possibility of wave propagation in the normally disallowed (band-gap) region of a resonant optical medium, that is, in the band of frequencies near resonance where the real part of the frequency-dependent dielectric function is negative. We demonstrate that wave propagation can become allowed by the application of a strong electromagnetic field resonant with some additional transition of the material system. The frequencies at which these effects can occur are strongly influenced by local-field effects.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.60.r2681

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Journal of Nanoscience and Technology•Apr 9, 2018•0 citations
We consider the possibility of wave propagation in the normally disallowed (band-gap) region of a resonant optical medium, that is, in the band of frequencies near resonance where the real part of the frequency-dependent dielectric function is negative. We demonstrate that wave propagation can become allowed by the application of a strong electromagnetic field resonant with some additional transition of the material system. The frequencies at which these effects can occur are strongly influenced by local-field effects.
The phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency has been studied when a four-level atom is located in a photonic band gap material. Quantum interference is introduced by driving the two upper levels of the atom with a strong pump laser field. The top level and one of the ground levels are coupled by a weak probe laser field and absorption takes place between these two states. The susceptibility due to the absorption for this transition has been calculated by using the master equation method in linear response theory. Numerical simulations are performed for the real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility for a photonic band gap material whose gap-midgap ratio is 21%. It is found that when resonance frequencies lie within the band, the medium becomes transparent under the action of the strong pump laser field. More interesting results are found when one of the resonance frequencies lies at the band edge and within the band gap. When the resonance frequency lies at the band edge, the medium becomes nontransparent even under a strong pump laser field. On the other hand, when the resonance frequency lies within the band gap, the medium becomes transparent even under a weak pump laser field. In summary, we found that the medium can be transformed from the transparent state to the nontransparent state just by changing the location of the resonance frequency. We call these two effects anomalous electromagnetically induced transparency.
We present large enhancement of the nonlinear wave mixing process (third-harmonic generation) in photonic-band-gap materials made of negative and positive index media, at the band edge of the zero-n‾\overline{n}n band gap. Incorporating metamaterial-based, electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)--like resonance in the nonlinear layer leads to unprecedented line narrowing of the generated third harmonic. This scheme permits the mapping of the narrow EIT resonance at the fundamental frequency to the generated third-harmonic frequency with even narrower line shape.
When a resonance associated with electromagnetically induced transparency in an atomic ensemble is modulated by an off-resonant standing light wave, a band of frequencies can appear for which light propagation is forbidden. We show that dynamic control of such a band gap can be used to coherently convert a propagating light pulse into a stationary excitation with nonvanishing photonic component. This can be accomplished with high efficiency and negligible noise even at the level of few-photon quantum fields thereby facilitating possible applications in quantum nonlinear optics and quantum information.
Optical materials exhibit significant losses over the resonance frequency of their constituent atoms and so they are practically implemented at frequencies far from resonances. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) provides a method for effective suppression of optical loss in a narrow window over the resonance, where the medium exhibits significant dispersion but at the expense of zero susceptibility. The classical or plasmonic analogs of the EIT effect are introduced and widely used in the context of electromagnetic or optical metamaterials (MMs). In another interesting phenomenon in quantum optics known as enhancement of index of refraction (EIR), the optical loss of the medium can be zero or even negative at the region of maximal susceptibility and negligible dispersion. This condition is interesting for applications where a strong electromagnetic response of the medium with negligible loss is required, such as zero- or negative-index metamaterials (MMs). Here we introduce a plasmonic analog of the EIR which allows for coherent control over the polarizability and absorption of plasmonic nanoantennas. It can open up the way for loss-compensated propagation of optical waves in zero-index to high-refractive-index plasmonic MMs. The scheme also offers an approach to all-optical switching and coherent control of transmission, diffraction, and polarization conversion properties of plasmonic nanostructures, as well as propagation properties of surface plasmon polaritons on metasurfaces.
In the present work, the possibility of observation of electromagnetically induced transparency in a two level system with the slow light propagation is investigated. The expression for the Rabi frequency is brought out within the rotating wave approximation and thereby it can be employed for the two level system in order to bring out the concepts of electromagnetically induced transparency in a two level system. The linear optical response of an atom with the resonant light in the medium is observed. The linear optical susceptibilities with the controlled field is found. The real part of the optical linearity leads to the refractive index of the medium.