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Quantum key distribution for security guarantees over quantum-repeater-based QoS-driven 3D satellite networks

Ping Wang, Xi Zhang, Genshe Chen, Khanh Dai Pham, Erik Blasch

Published Dec 1, 2014• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In recent years, quantum-based techniques have attracted significant research attention because of its unique advantages on satellite communications, especially for security problem. Security guarantee is one of the most important requirements in QoS-driven 3D satellite networks. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a methodology for generating and distributing random encryption keys using the principles of quantum physics, which enables two distant communications parties to securely communicate in a way that cannot be eavesdropped on without being detected. Although the QKD method can ensure the absolute security transmission over 3D satellite networks, it imposes many new implementation challenges due to the various limitations on quantum communication over long distances via 3D free space, including quantum channel attenuation, photon-state disruption and vulnerability to noise/interference, laser-beam widening, and constrained security-key generation rate. These problems get even more challenging when QoS provisioning is required for the applications over the 3D satellite networks. To overcome the aforementioned difficulties, we propose the framework to efficiently implement the QKD for security guarantees over quantum-repeater-based QoS-driven 3D satellite networks. First, we develop the quantum-repeater-based QKD satellite network architecture. Then, we design the quantum repeater including the purification scheduling algorithm and the optimal QoS-based repeating-router selection scheme in quantum-repeater-based QKD satellite networks. Finally, the obtained simulations evaluation validate and evaluate our proposed algorithms and schemes.

DOI
10.1109/glocom.2014.7036894

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In recent years, quantum-based techniques have attracted significant research attention because of its unique advantages on satellite communications, especially for security problem. Security guarantee is one of the most important requirements in QoS-driven 3D satellite networks. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a methodology for generating and distributing random encryption keys using the principles of quantum physics, which enables two distant communications parties to securely communicate in a way that cannot be eavesdropped on without being detected. Although the QKD method can ensure the absolute security transmission over 3D satellite networks, it imposes many new implementation challenges due to the various limitations on quantum communication over long distances via 3D free space, including quantum channel attenuation, photon-state disruption and vulnerability to noise/interference, laser-beam widening, and constrained security-key generation rate. These problems get even more challenging when QoS provisioning is required for the applications over the 3D satellite networks. To overcome the aforementioned difficulties, we propose the framework to efficiently implement the QKD for security guarantees over quantum-repeater-based QoS-driven 3D satellite networks. First, we develop the quantum-repeater-based QKD satellite network architecture. Then, we design the quantum repeater including the purification scheduling algorithm and the optimal QoS-based repeating-router selection scheme in quantum-repeater-based QKD satellite networks. Finally, the obtained simulations evaluation validate and evaluate our proposed algorithms and schemes.
In recent years, quantum-based communication is emerging as a new technique for ensuring secured communications because it can guarantee absolute security between two different remote entities. Quantum communication performs the transmission and exchange of quantum information among distant nodes within a network. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a methodology for generating and distributing random encryption keys using the principles of quantum physics. In this paper, we investigate the techniques on how to efficiently use QKD in 3D satellite networks and propose an effective method to overcome its communications-distance limitations. In order to implement secured and reliable communications over wireless satellite links, we develop a free-space quantum channel model in satellite communication networks. To enlarge the communications distances over 3D satellite networks, we propose to employ the intermediate nodes to relay the unconditional keys and guarantee the Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER) for security requirement over 3D satellite networks. We also propose the communication model for QKD security-Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee and an adaptive cooperative routing selection scheme to optimize the throughput performance of QKD-based satellite communications networks. The obtained simulation results verify our proposed schemes.
Quantum cryptography is one of the most promising technologies for guaranteeing the absolute security in communications over various advanced networks, including fiber networks and wireless networks. In particular, quantum key distribution is an efficient encryption scheme on implementing secure satellite communications between satellites and ground stations. However, it faces many new challenges such as high attenuation and low polarization-preserving capability or extreme sensitivity to the environment. In order to guarantee the quality of service (QoS) provisioning of quantum communications over 3D satellite networks, we need to focus on the security problem and throughput efficiency through correcting the errors resulted from the objective and adversary influences. To overcome these problems, we model the noisy quantum channel and implement an efficient quantum error correction scheme to ensure the security and increase the quantum throughput efficiency in QKD-based satellite networks. The simulation results obtained show that our proposed efficient QEC scheme for QoS guarantee outperforms the other existing quantum error correction schemes in terms of security and the quantum throughput efficiency.
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and their applications. Furthermore, there is a growing impetus to integrate IoT networks on a global scale, using satellites to expand the range of IoT connectivity into geographically remote areas. Ensuring the security of satellite backhaul for IoT networks is thus of paramount importance. The steady advance of quantum computing in recent years threatens to nullify classical cryptographic approaches based on assumptions of computational hardness, motivating the need for post-quantum cryptography. Quantum computing algorithms have been developed that, once a quantum computer of sufficient scale is realised, will be able to break classical cryptosystems efficiently (at polynomial-time complexity). A promising method of securing information against this threat at the physical layer has emerged in the form of quantum key distribution (QKD). QKD exploits the fundamental physical properties of light to guarantee information-theoretic security. Research into the application and standardisation of QKD to secure satellite backhaul, however, is still in its infancy. This paper presents a brief overview of the theoretical basis for QKD, whilst also providing a survey of contemporary QKD protocols. It evaluates the ability of these protocols to secure satellite backhaul in the context of a typical satellite-IoT network architecture. Furthermore, it highlights the vulnerabilities, as well as the technical challenges associated with this endeavour. Finally, it proposes directions for future research and development into protocols and standardisation for the satellite-integrated IoT domain. Several challenges must be overcome before QKD can evolve into a global-scale solution for securing satellite-IoT. Secret key generation rate remains very low in practical demonstrations of trusted-relay QKD satellite architectures. Further research is needed to overcome or mitigate the fundamental rate-distance trade-off before satellite QKD can be considered practicable in an IoT application. Alternatives that do not rely on trusted nodes are contingent on nascent technologies such as quantum repeaters and quantum memory. Whilst in theory QKD provides perfect information-theoretic security, it remains vulnerable to attacks that exploit imperfections in real-world equipment. Further effort is needed to develop QKD protocols that can safeguard against the aforementioned challenges.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has attracted much attention on secure communications across global networks. QKD over satellite networks can overcome the limitations of terrestrial optical networks, such as large attenuation over long distance fiber channel and difficulty of intercontinental domain communications. Different QKD networks (around the world) can intercommunicate through quantum satellites, leading to a global quantum network in near future. This raises a new resource allocation and management problem of QKD involving multiple satellite layers and distributed ground stations. Using existing schemes, a single satellite cannot perform QKD for ground stations for the whole day. Moreover, the research problem is more challenging due to limitations of satellite coverage: limited cover time of low earth orbit (LEO) satellite, high channel losses of geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellite, etc. To overcome these limitations, our study proposes a double-layer quantum satellite network (QSN) implemented quantum key pool (QKP) to relay keys for ground stations. We propose a new architecture of trusted-repeater-based double-layer quantum satellite networks, comprising GEO and LEO satellites. We also address the routing and key allocation (RKA) problem for key-relay services over QSNs. We propose a novel joint GEO-LEO routing and key allocation (JGL-RKA) algorithm to solve the RKA problem. Simulative results show that the proposed scheme can increase success probability of key-relay services significantly. We also present the impact of different route selections mechanisms, number of satellite links, satellite node capability, and service granularity on network performance.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication technique which uses quantum mechanics to protect communications. To overcome large distances, it requires the use of quantum repeaters, which are still challenging nevertheless feasible, or Twin-Field-QKD (TF-QKD) technology, which has been demonstrated several years ago. As it develops and matures, quantum technology is expected to play an increasingly major role in networks. Satellite QKD enables secure communication between devices via both satellites and ground stations. The study explores the transmission of quantum encryption technology in space and presents an overview of cubesats and satellites that currently use quantum key distribution (QKD) technology.
At first sight, quantum key distribution (QKD) through the atmosphere (“free space”), might appear to be a very much more challenging problem than QKD with weak laser pulses in optical fiber: the transmitter and receiver must reliably acquire, point, and track each other to establish and maintain the quantum channel. We report approach development of a quantum cryptographic networks for secure space communication, including a Quantum photon source and a pulse laser source. Through that can be used to encrypt classical message, it will allow the development of global communication with unprecedented security. The essential work carried in our research paper concerns a new idea in satellites transmission whit implement of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) algorithm based on photon encrypted code, including to reduce the telecommunication interruption risks and this will provide indeed a better free space communication quality.