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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Cold Quantum Gases: when Atomic Physics meets Condensed Matter

Jean Dalibard

Published Jun 1, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

When Bose-Einstein condensation was achieved in a cold atomic vapour, it came as a nice confirmation of the well established theory of the ideal gas. The talk will review some recent advances in the domain, and show how these cold atomic assemblies can be considered as quantum simulators, mimicking the rich dynamics of condensed-matter systems.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2007.4386730

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When Bose-Einstein condensation was achieved in a cold atomic vapour, it came as a nice confirmation of the well established theory of the ideal gas. The talk will review some recent advances in the domain, and show how these cold atomic assemblies can be considered as quantum simulators, mimicking the rich dynamics of condensed-matter systems.
Remarkable experimental advances in the past few decades have paved the way for a new era of ultra-cold physics. Experimentalists can now cool large samples of atoms down to temperatures where quantum mechanical effects dominate, and control their bulk geometrical structure and microscopic interactions with ease. The result is a wide open testing ground for quantum many-body physics. In this talk, I will provide an overview of the important concepts and methods that form the foundations of this field, before steering the discussion to Bose gases, or gases with constituents that obey Bose-Einstein statistics. At ultra-cold temperatures, gases of bosons condense into a single macroscopicquantum mechanical state, forming a Bose-Einstein condensate. One of the more interesting properties of Bose-Einstein condensates is that they are superfluid, and can exhibit dissipationless flow. If the bosons possess large dipole moments, their interaction character changes signifi cantly, as does their collective superfluid behavior. I will discuss some of the theoret ical and computational tools used to model Bose-Einstein condensates, demonstrate how dipolar interactions play a profound role in the basic properties of these novel superfluids, and provide an outlook for the future of this exciting field.
The 1995 observation of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute atomic vapours spawned the field of ultracold, degenerate quantum gases. Unprecedented developments in experimental design and precision control have led to quantum gases becoming the preferred playground for designer quantum many-body systems. This self-contained volume provides a broad overview of the principal theoretical techniques applied to non-equilibrium and finite temperature quantum gases. Covering Bose–Einstein condensates, degenerate Fermi gases, and the more recently realised exciton–polariton condensates, it fills a gap by linking between different methods with origins in condensed matter physics, quantum field theory, quantum optics, atomic physics, and statistical mechanics. Thematically organised chapters on different methodologies, contributed by key researchers using a unified notation, provide the first integrated view of the relative merits of individual approaches, aided by pertinent introductory chapters and the guidance of editorial notes. Both graduate students and established researchers wishing to understand the state of the art will greatly benefit from this comprehensive and up-to-date review of non-equilibrium and finite temperature techniques in the exciting and expanding field of quantum gases and liquids.
Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in cold atomic gases was first achieved experimentally in 1995. Since then there has been a surge of activity in this field, with ingenious experiments putting forth more and more astonishing results about the behaviour of matter at very cold temperatures. The theoretical investigation of BEC goes back much further, and even predates the modern formulation of quantum mechanics. It was investigated in two papers by Einstein in 1924 and 1925, respectively, following up on a work by Bose on the derivation of Planck's radiation law. Einstein's result, in its modern formulation, can be found in any textbook on quantum statistical mechanics, and was concerned with ideal, i.e., non-interacting gases. The understanding of BEC in the presence of interparticle interactions poses a formidable challenge to mathematical physics. Some progress has been made in the last ten years or so, and the purpose of this chapter is to explain part of what was achieved and how it is related to the actual experiments on cold gases.