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Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference

Collisions in cold atomic gases

Paul S. Julienne

Published Jun 7, 1996• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Summary form only given. The collisional interactions between the atoms in an cold, dense atomic gas play a crucial role in determining the dynamics and stability of the gas and the approach to Bose-Einstein condensation. This talk will give simple interpretive physical models of threshold scattering, backed up by full quantum scattering calculations for collisions between extremely cold Na atoms or Rb atoms.

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Summary form only given. The collisional interactions between the atoms in an cold, dense atomic gas play a crucial role in determining the dynamics and stability of the gas and the approach to Bose-Einstein condensation. This talk will give simple interpretive physical models of threshold scattering, backed up by full quantum scattering calculations for collisions between extremely cold Na atoms or Rb atoms.
Collision physics plays a key role in understanding the properties of ultracold gases. First, collisions ensure thermalization in trapped atomic samples, which is essential for the success of evaporative cooling. Second, interactions between atoms determine the equilibrium shape and the dynamics of the condensate once it is formed. Finally collisions limit the achievable spatial densities via inelastic processes, which ultimately determine whether a given atomic species may lead to Bose-Einstein condensation. The purpose of the following lectures is to give a basic introduction to collision physics with a special emphasis on the low temperature aspect of these interactions. We will consider here only binary interactions between atoms since one of the remarkable prop-erties of the physics of ultra-cold dilute gases is that all the macroscopic properties of the system can be directly deduced from the two-body interaction potential. In particular the essential concept of scattering length will be introduced and developped for some simple potentials, using as practical examples experimental results obtained on atomic cesium and rubidium. The present lectures are complementary to the ones given by D. Heinzen where a detailed comparison between the collisional properties of the various alkali atoms will be found, together with explanations of the spectroscopic approaches used in the precise determination of interatomic potentials. 1. – Scattering theory: a brief reminder 1.1. Collision between two particles. – We consider here an elementary collision process between two particles 1 and 2 with the same mass M, interacting through the potential
This talk reviews some of the basic concepts in cold collisions, and gives examples of calculations directed towards understanding the following areas: (1) collisions of Na atoms trapped in Zeeman components of the F=1 hyperfine sublevel, and their control by magnetically-induced Feshbach resonances; (2) elastic and inelastic collisions of Cs atoms in the double spin-polarized F=4, M=4 level; and (3) stimulated Raman photoassociation of two colliding atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to make translationally cold molecules in a selected target level.
Atomic interactions play a crucial role in Bose-condensed alkali gases. The condensate self-energy, proportional to the two-body s-wave scattering length, strongly affects the stability and other properties of a condensate. Alkali atom scattering lengths have been determined only during the past few years by a combination of conventional molecular spectroscopy, photoassociation spectroscopy, and ultracold atomic collision studies. In this article, we present a brief review of alkali atom interactions and scattering length determinations.
Abstract This chapter provides a summary of some relevant interatomic collisional properties at low energy. Low-energy collisions allow for a fundamental understanding of the role of interactions in dilute gases and are determined by the s-wave scattering length. This is the basic interaction parameter that permits us to describe an important variety of many-body properties of dilute Bose–Einstein condensed gases, as well as of superfluid Fermi gases. This interaction parameter also allows us to describe the formation of bound pairs of atoms in the presence of a Feshbach resonance. A special section is devoted to the study of collisional effects in two dimensions. The second part of the chapter illustrates typical schemes for magnetic and optical trapping currently employed to confine neutral atoms.
Remarkable experimental advances in the past few decades have paved the way for a new era of ultra-cold physics. Experimentalists can now cool large samples of atoms down to temperatures where quantum mechanical effects dominate, and control their bulk geometrical structure and microscopic interactions with ease. The result is a wide open testing ground for quantum many-body physics. In this talk, I will provide an overview of the important concepts and methods that form the foundations of this field, before steering the discussion to Bose gases, or gases with constituents that obey Bose-Einstein statistics. At ultra-cold temperatures, gases of bosons condense into a single macroscopicquantum mechanical state, forming a Bose-Einstein condensate. One of the more interesting properties of Bose-Einstein condensates is that they are superfluid, and can exhibit dissipationless flow. If the bosons possess large dipole moments, their interaction character changes signifi cantly, as does their collective superfluid behavior. I will discuss some of the theoret ical and computational tools used to model Bose-Einstein condensates, demonstrate how dipolar interactions play a profound role in the basic properties of these novel superfluids, and provide an outlook for the future of this exciting field.