Time Asymmetry in Measurements based on Photoelectric Detection

L. Mandeļ, E. C. G. Sudarshan, E. Wolf

Mikiya Ueda, Makoto Kuwata‐Gonokami, N. Nagasawa +3 more

Xuan-Ming Shen, Qilong Wu, Huihui Yu +6 more

While photoelectric detection of magnetic resonance (PDMR) can be applied to miniaturize nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center-based quantum sensors, real demonstration of PDMR-based magnetic field sensing remains as a distinctive challenge. To tackle this challenge, in this article, we fabricate diamond samples with electrodes and microwave antenna on the surface, and realize PDMR by detecting photocurrent in picoampere range via various lock-in amplifying modes. We obtain a theoretical and experimental sensitivity 397 nT/Hz and 921 nT/Hz of magnetic field detection in DC-10 Hz range with a laser intensity and microwave frequency modulation mode, respectively, and demonstrate for the first time, a real-time tracking of alternating magnetic field with a standard deviation of 1.5 uT. Furthermore, we investigate systematically the dependence of the PDMR contrast, linewidth and the sensitivity on the laser and microwave power, and find a perfect agreement with a master equation-based theory. Thus, our results represent a critical step forward in transitioning PDMR from a spectroscopic technique to a practical sensing modality.

Hong Cao, L. Mandeļ

The use of photoelectric detectors for counting photons is commonplace, and even one-photon states can now be realized experimentally.1,2 It is usually taken for granted that a photoelectric detection at some position at some time corresponds to the annihilation of a photon at that place at that time. Of course, the limited detection efficiency of practical detectors means that the photon number cannot usually be determined unambiguously.