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International Conference on Laser and Fiber-Optical Networks Modeling

General noise considerations of amplified photons in lightwave systems with optically bistable elements

Hooman Abediasl, Ali Naqavi, Khashayar Mehrany, Seyed Mohammad Mousavi, Jaleh Aliakbar, Seyed Mahdi Mousavi

Published Sep 1, 2010• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An optical amplifier followed by a bistable element has been statistically analyzed before. In this manuscript, output noise analysis represents, then signal to noise ratios (SNR) are calculated either for input or output. It will be shown that noise reduction, can be achieved by a proper selection of parameters.
DOI
10.1109/lfnm.2010.5624237

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Introduction Most of the lightwave transmission systems operating today benefit fully from extensive deployment of optical amplifiers (OA). These components perform the amplification of optical intensity directly in the optical domain, without resorting to any electrical-domain regeneration. Optical amplifiers increase the average number of output photons per unit time by several orders of magnitude compared with the incoming signal intensity. However, as with every amplifying process, optical amplification cannot be achieved without paying back for the unavoidable noise power added to the signal intensity. As we will see in detail in Chapter 6, the optical amplification process comes with optical noise generated by spontaneous emission inside the active medium. The intensity of the optical signal is represented by the flux of the signal photon population. Conversely, the photons generated by the spontaneous emission process inside the optical cavity represent the noise photon population. The fundamental phenomenon supporting optical amplification is stimulated emission. The basic property of stimulated emission, making the great difference from spontaneous emission and enabling optical amplification, is the coherent nature of the photon generation process. Accordingly, both signal and noise photons go through the same multiplication process by means of stimulated emission. Unless the optical cavity where the stimulated emission takes place (the active cavity) presents selective features for enhancing the signal photon population relative to the spontaneous one, there is no way to avoid noise photons going through stimulated emission, filling most of the cavity population. As a consequence, both photon populations increase, leading respectively to amplified signal intensity and to amplified spontaneous emission intensity. It should be apparent that every noise photon can create a new identical noise photon as a result of stimulated emission, effectively increasing the noise intensity in the active optical cavity. This is the well-known mechanism of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in optical amplification. Any improvement in the optical amplifier structure devoted to increasing stimulated over spontaneous emission will probably increase the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) at the cavity output. The spectrum of gain characteristic of the optical active medium is usually wide enough to support an efficient amplification of the broadband spontaneous emission spectrum, leading to the broadband ASE noise power spectral density.
Recently, there has been some controversy concerning the role of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations in conjunction with optical amplifiers and phase-shift keying. Analysis has shown that the large-signal SNR at the output of an optical parametric amplifier (OPA) or optical parametric oscillator (OPO) can exceed the shot-noise limit when an injected signal beam is used to elicit small-signal gain saturation. Although no small-signal SNR gain is obtained in this way, the large-signal SNR improvement does translate into a communication performance improvement if binary phase-shift keying is applied to the resulting output beam. Analysis has also shown that the large-signal, shot-noise limited SNR can be exceeded when a binary phase-shift keyed coherent-state beam is applied to a preamplify-feedforward-homodyne receiver. In this case, however, there is no communication performance improvement. Indeed, the preamplify-feed-forward-homodyne receiver requires twice as many signal photons, on average, to equal the error probability of ordinary homodyne detection. In this talk we will show that there is no contradiction between these two examples.
The concept of noise figure F and noise measure M applicable to radio frequency and microwave amplifiers is reviewed and extended to cover optical amplifiers. Two noise figures are defined in the optical regime: one gives the ASE output, while the other gives the ratio of signal-to-noise ratios at the input and output. In the quantum regime, the lower limit on these optimum values is set by a generalization of Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. A Raman back-pumped fiber link with post-amplification with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier is used to illustrate the use of noise measure.