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Journal of Modern Optics

A pump enhanced source of telecom-band correlated photon pairs

Peter James Thomas, Malcolm H. Dunn, David J. M. Stothard, D. Walsh, Christopher J. Chunnilall

Published Mar 9, 2011• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Correlated photon pairs generated through spontaneous parametric downconversion have become a key resource for research into enhanced optical measurement and quantum optical information processing. A pump-enhanced χ(2) source of correlated photons in the telecom band is presented. An investigation of the pair photon coincidence detection rate measured from the source, together with the evaluation of system losses, indicated a single spatial fibre-optic mode pair production rate of 6.12 × 104 s−1 mW−1 pump power, an order of magnitude greater than was measured without enhancement. A Hong-Ou-Mandel interference experiment confirmed that the enhancement did not have any adverse effect on the spatial and frequency indistinguishability of the emitted pairs. The source comprises a symmetric and linear enhancement cavity for the pump, making it particularly suitable for generating polarisation entangled photon pairs without the need for compensating crystals 1 Thomas, PJ, Chunnilall, CJ, Stothard, DJM, Walsh, DA and Dunn, MH. 2010. Opt. Express, 18: 26600–26612. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar].

DOI
10.1080/09500340.2011.561421

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Correlated photon pairs generated through spontaneous parametric downconversion have become a key resource for research into enhanced optical measurement and quantum optical information processing. A pump-enhanced χ(2) source of correlated photons in the telecom band is presented. An investigation of the pair photon coincidence detection rate measured from the source, together with the evaluation of system losses, indicated a single spatial fibre-optic mode pair production rate of 6.12 × 104 s−1 mW−1 pump power, an order of magnitude greater than was measured without enhancement. A Hong-Ou-Mandel interference experiment confirmed that the enhancement did not have any adverse effect on the spatial and frequency indistinguishability of the emitted pairs. The source comprises a symmetric and linear enhancement cavity for the pump, making it particularly suitable for generating polarisation entangled photon pairs without the need for compensating crystals 1 Thomas, PJ, Chunnilall, CJ, Stothard, DJM, Walsh, DA and Dunn, MH. 2010. Opt. Express, 18: 26600–26612. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar].
The design and implementation of a novel source of degenerate polarization entangled photon pairs in the telecom band, based on a cavity enhanced parametric downconversion process, is presented. Two of the four maximally entangled Bell states are produced; the remaining two are obtainable by the addition of a half wave plate into the setup. The coincident photon detection rate in the A/D basis between two detectors at the output of the device revealed the production of highly entangled states, resulting in quantum interference visibilities of 0.971 ± 0.041 (ϕ = 0 state) and 0.932 ± 0.036 (ϕ = π state) respectively. The entangled states were found to break the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) Bell inequality by around 6 standard deviations. From the measured coincidence counting rates and the optical system losses, an entangled photon pair production rate of 8.9 × 10(4) s(-1) mW(-1) pump was estimated.
Efficient Generation of Entangled Photon-Pairs The first experiments with correlated photons have been performed in the context of EPR-Bell experiments on the realistic and local properties of quantum mechanics. The source used there produced pairs of polarization entangled photons from a 2-photon decay of Calcium atoms. The technical requirements of these experiments were high (vacuum systems, stronge dye-lasers, etc.) whereas the efficiency of the source was quite low. An important step forward was the introduction of spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC), which has become the most common source in quantum optics for generating correlated or entangled photon pairs. In this process photons of an intense pump laser convert to photon pairs in an optical nonlinear crystal. Conservation of energy and momentum leads to strong correlations between the generated photons. With this kind of two-photon source it was possible to realize or improve many experiments on the foundations of quantum mechanics addressing the EPR-Paradoxon and in the new field of quantum information. But again, more advanced experiments and applications suffer from the limited ef- ficiency of the fluorescence process. Many photon pairs are lost by spatial and spectral filtering, which is necessary to achieve polarization entanglement and long coherence times. Different techniques have been implemented to increase the number of photon pairs using two-crystal arrangements, focusing techniques or periodically poled crystals. Most of these methods have the disadvantage that no entangled photons have been observed. It is the aim of this work to increase the yield and to improve the mode definition of entangled photon pairs generated by resonant enhancement of the pump mode and the fluorescence modes. As a first step a linear cavity for the pump mode was realized. Since the conversion probability is proportional to the pump power it was possible to increase the photon pair count rate by factor of 7 over the previous source. Besides the possibility of further improvement on already established pair correlation experiments, such an enhancement allows to build a compact source for photon pairs, in which an expensive argon-ion laser is replaced by a cheap diode laser. Among other applications such sources are of strong interest for quantum cryptography. 3 In many quantum information experiments optical fibers are use to carry the photons over long distance. Therefore, light from the parametric down-conversion source has to be efficiently coupled into fibers. In the second part we report on a new method to optimize collection efficiency by matching the angular distribution of the parametric fluorescence to the spatial mode of an optical fiber. By using this technique, we detected 366500 polarization-entangled photon pairs per second in the near-infrared region in single-mode optical fibers for 465 mW pump power (at 351.1 nm) with a 2 mm BBOcrystal. The entanglement of the photon pairs was verified by measuring polarization correlations of more than 96% in a HV-basis and in a ±45◦-basis. To our knowledge, such enormous count rates of highly entangled photon pairs have not been reached yet with any other technique. In the third part of this thesis we investigated the process of parametric downconversion in a cavity which is resonant to certain longitudinal down-conversion modes only. The idea of placing the parametric down-conversion source inside a cavity is not new. Such a device is usually referred to as a single or double resonant optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and is mainly used to generate squeezed quantum states. In that kind of application the system is operating close to but still under the threshold of oscillation. In our application the situation is quite different. The system is operating far below threshold so that mainly spontaneous emission occurs. In that mode correlations between single photons can still be observed. But bouncing the light back and forth inside the cavity increases the interaction length and hence enhances the signal levels of the down-conversion fields. Further, by resonating two certain modes only, the bandwidth is reduced by orders of magnitude and the coherence time is found to be inverse proportional to the bandwidth. A similar experiment has already been realized with a type-I parametric down-converter in the resonator. We have tried to realize a compact double resonant OPO far below threshold with a type-II parametric down-converter in a high-finesse cavity to realize a bright source of entangled photon pairs with extremely narrow bandwidth.
This portfolio of work contributes to the remit of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) to develop the underpinning expertise and tools for validating nascent and future optical quantum technologies based on the discrete and quantum properties of photons. This requirement overlaps with the requirement to provide validation for devices operating in the photon-counting regime. A common theme running through the portfolio is photon pairs generated through spontaneous parametric downconversion (SPDC). \n \nA Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer sourced with visible wavelength photon pairs from an SPDC process in beta-barium borate (BBO) was designed, built and characterised. The visibility of the HOM interference is dependent on the indistinguishability of the interfering photons, but is also influenced by imperfections of the interferometer; therefore an investigation was carried out to quantify the effects of the interferometer imperfections on the measured visibility so that the true photon indistinguishability could be measured with a quantified uncertainty. \n \nA bright source of correlated pair photons in the telecoms band based upon a pump enhanced SPDC process in periodically-poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) was designed, built and characterised. From the characterisation measurements the source brightness was estimated to be 6.2×10⁴ pairs/ s/ mw pump. The photon pairs were further characterised through their incorporation as a source in a HOM interference experiment. \n \nThe developed correlated photon pair source was at the heart of a novel scheme for the generation of polarisation entangled photon pairs, for which the design, build and characterisation work is presented. The source was demonstrated to produce two of the four maximally entangled Bell states with quantum interference visibilities of around 0.95. The generated states were also shown to break a form of Bell’s inequality by around six standard deviations. The polarisation entangled photon pair source was originally built at the University of St Andrews and was later transferred to the NPL where it will extend NPL’s capabilities to this key spectral region. \n \nFinally a study was carried out to investigate the possibility of a wavelength tuneable device for the absolute measurement of single photon detector quantum efficiencies based upon an established SPDC technique.
We demonstrate an efficient generation of frequency anti-correlated entangled photon pairs at telecom wavelength. The fundamental laser is a continuous-wave high-power fiber laser at 1560 nm, through an extracavity frequency doubling system, a 780-nm pump with a power as high as 742 mW is realized. After single-passing through a periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) crystal, degenerate down-converted photon pairs are generated. With an overall detection efficiency of 14.8 %, the count rates of the single photons and coincidence of the photon pairs are measured to be 370 kHz and 22 kHz, respectively. The spectra of the signal and idler photons are centered at 1560.23 and 1560.04 nm, while their 3-dB bandwidths being 3.22 nm both. The joint spectrum of the photon pair is observed to be frequency anti-correlated and have a spectral bandwidth of 0.52 nm. According to the ratio of the single-photon spectral bandwidth to the joint spectral bandwidth of the photon pairs, the degree of frequency entanglement is quantified to be 6.19. Based on a Hong–Ou–Mandel interferometric coincidence measurement, a frequency indistinguishability of 95 % is demonstrated. The good agreements with the theoretical estimations show that the inherent extra intensity noise in fiber lasers has little influence on frequency entanglement of the generated photon pairs.
Polarization entangled photon pair source is widely used in many quantum information processing applications such as teleportation, quantum communications, quantum computation and high precision quantum metrology. We report on the generation of a continuous-wave pumped 1550 nm polarization entangled photon pair source at telecom wavelength using a type-II periodically poled KTiOPO(4) (PPKTP) crystal in a Sagnac interferometer. Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference measurement yields signal and idler photon bandwidth of 2.4 nm. High quality of entanglement is verified by various kinds of measurements, for example two-photon interference fringes, Bell inequality and quantum states tomography. The source can be tuned over a broad range against temperature or pump power without loss of visibilities. This source will be used in our future experiments such as generation of orbital angular momentum entangled source at telecom wavelength for quantum frequency up-conversion, entanglement based quantum key distributions and many other quantum optics experiments at telecom wavelengths.
The importance of photon pair generation can never be overemphasized. It has formed the basis of most fundamental quantum optical experiments like Bell-experiments, quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping. However for considerable number of years Quantum Mechanics in general has remained largely theoretical and within the four corners of laboratories. Quantum Key Distribution is one of the first quantum applications to break this barrier. It provides us with unconditionally secured communication by providing us with efficient alternative to classical cryptography. This study forms part of the effort in realizing efficient way of generating photon pairs through the Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion process using a nonlinear crystal cut for type-I phase matching. After generating the photon pairs, the paper examined how they can be detected efficiently. We measured the rate of single photon generation (up to 200 kHz) as well as the rate at which they are detected in coincidence (150 coincidences per second). We further investigated a quantum interference effect (the Hong-Ou-Mandel effect) which classical wave theory has failed to describe. This effect has numerous applications in scalable quantum networks and in linear quantum computing. Finally, a remarkable conversion efficiency of 2.2