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IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control

Notions of controllability for bilinear multilevel quantum systems

Francesca Albertini, Domenico D’Alessandro

Published Aug 1, 2003• 224 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this note, we define four different notions of controllability of physical interest for multilevel quantum mechanical systems. These notions involve the possibility of driving the evolution operator as well as the state of the system. We establish the connections among these different notions as well as methods to verify controllability.

DOI
10.1109/tac.2003.815027

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In this note, we define four different notions of controllability of physical interest for multilevel quantum mechanical systems. These notions involve the possibility of driving the evolution operator as well as the state of the system. We establish the connections among these different notions as well as methods to verify controllability.
In this paper, we define four different notions of controllability of physical interest for multilevel quantum mechanical systems. These notions involve the possibility of driving the evolution operator as well as the state of the system. We establish the connections among these different notions as well as methods to verify controllability. The paper also contains results on the relation between the controllability in arbitrary small time of a system varying on a compact transformation Lie group and the corresponding system on the associated homogeneous space. As an application, we prove that, for the system of two interacting spin 1/2 particles, not every state transfer can be obtained in arbitrary small time.
In this paper, we define three different notions of controllability for quantum mechanical systems involving the possibility of driving the evolution operator as well as the state of the system. By using general results on transitivity of transformation groups on spheres we establish the connections among these different notions of controllability. Motivated by the physical model of multilevel quantum systems, we also study the relation between the controllability in arbitrary small time of a system varying on a compact transformation Lie group and the corresponding system on the associated homogeneous space. As an application, we prove for the system of two interacting spin 1/2 particles the negative result that not every state transfer can be obtained in arbitrary time.
In this paper, we define three different notions of controllability for quantum mechanical systems involving the possibility of driving the evolution operator as well as the state of the system. By using general results on transitivity of transformation groups on spheres we establish the connections among these different notions of controllability. Motivated by the physical model of multilevel quantum systems, we also study the relation between the controllability in arbitrary small time of a system varying on a compact transformation Lie group and the corresponding system on the associated homogeneous space. As an application, we prove for the system of two interacting spin 1/2 particles the negative result that not every state transfer can be obtained in arbitrary time.
Quantum phenomena of interest in connection with applications to computation and communication often involve generating specific transfers between eigenstates, and their linear superpositions. For some quantum systems, such as spin systems, the quantum evolution equation (the Schrödinger equation) is finite-dimensional and old results on controllability of systems defined on on Lie groups and quotient spaces provide most of what is needed insofar as controllability of non-dissipative systems is concerned. However, in an infinite-dimensional setting, controlling the evolution of quantum systems often presents difficulties, both conceptual and technical. In this paper we present a systematic approach to a class of such problems for which it is possible to avoid some of the technical issues. In particular, we analyze controllability for infinite-dimensional bilinear systems under assumptions that make controllability possible using trajectories lying in a nested family of pre-defined subspaces. This result, which we call the Finite Controllability Theorem, provides a set of sufficient conditions for controllability in an infinite-dimensional setting. We consider specific physical systems that are of interest for quantum computing, and provide insights into the types of quantum operations (gates) that may be developed.
Bilinear systems, matrix systems and right-invariant systems are distinguished first. Then controllability theorems of such three different systems are summarized, the key points focus on the necessary and sufficient controllability conditions for right-invariant systems, and the relation with bilinear systems. Controllability theorems of these three different systems are especially emphasized by using Lie groups and Lie algebra. Different controllability theorems of quantum systems using similar method are analyzed in detail. Corresponding relations of controllability between quantum systems with bilinear systems are pointed out by means of comparison, and each type of controllability applied to different situations are also given. Relationships among different notions of controllability of quantum systems are established.