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Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics

Comparative study on controllability relationship of quantum mechanical systems and bilinear systems

Dong Ning

Published Jan 1, 2006• 1 citation
OpenAlex

Abstract

Bilinear systems, matrix systems and right-invariant systems are distinguished first. Then controllability theorems of such three different systems are summarized, the key points focus on the necessary and sufficient controllability conditions for right-invariant systems, and the relation with bilinear systems. Controllability theorems of these three different systems are especially emphasized by using Lie groups and Lie algebra. Different controllability theorems of quantum systems using similar method are analyzed in detail. Corresponding relations of controllability between quantum systems with bilinear systems are pointed out by means of comparison, and each type of controllability applied to different situations are also given. Relationships among different notions of controllability of quantum systems are established.

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Bilinear systems, matrix systems and right-invariant systems are distinguished first. Then controllability theorems of such three different systems are summarized, the key points focus on the necessary and sufficient controllability conditions for right-invariant systems, and the relation with bilinear systems. Controllability theorems of these three different systems are especially emphasized by using Lie groups and Lie algebra. Different controllability theorems of quantum systems using similar method are analyzed in detail. Corresponding relations of controllability between quantum systems with bilinear systems are pointed out by means of comparison, and each type of controllability applied to different situations are also given. Relationships among different notions of controllability of quantum systems are established.
Controllability of dynamical systems is a fundamental problem for both classical control as well as quantum control.This paper focuses on investigating the controllability Lie algebra of single-spin and two spin quantum systems.Firstly,based on the equivalent controllability conditions of quantum systems,some general necessary and sufficient conditions related to the basis coefficients are obtained by computing Lie brackets of Hamiltonian operators for single-spin quantum systems.Secondly,the matrix basis of Lie algebra su(4) is generated by Cartan decomposition.Using the matrix basis and employing the controllability theorem of quantum system,a calculation method of multiple Lie brackets for the Hamiltonian operators and a controllability criterion of quantum systems are also put forward in this article.
Knowledge about to what extent quantum dynamical systems can be steered by coherent controls is indispensable for future developments in quantum technology. The purpose of this paper is to analyze such controllability aspects for finite dimensional bilinear quantum control systems. We use a unified approach based on Lie-algebraic methods from nonlinear control theory to revisit known and to establish new results for closed and open quantum systems. In particular, we provide a simplified characterization of different notions of controllability for closed quantum systems described by the Liouville-von Neumann equation. We derive new necessary and sufficient conditions for accessibility of open quantum systems modelled by the Lindblad-Kossakowski master equation. To this end, we exploit a well-studied topic of differential geometry, namely the classification of all matrix Lie-groups which act transitively on the Grassmann manifold or the punctured Euclidean space. For the special case of coupled spin-1/2 systems, we obtain a remarkably simple characterization of accessibility. These accessibility results correct and refine previous statements in the quantum control literature.
We develop some general results on the properties of the reachable sets for right invariant bilinear systems with state varying on compact Lie groups. The main results consist of a characterization of the set of states reachable in arbitrary time from the identity of the group. This, under suitable assumptions, is proved to be a Lie subgroup of the underlying Lie group. We apply these results to the analysis of the controllability of particles with spin. For these systems we also obtain estimates of the time after which every state is reachable from the identity. The results are motivated by the problem of controlling a two-level quantum system in implementations of quantum computers.
In this paper, we define three different notions of controllability for quantum mechanical systems involving the possibility of driving the evolution operator as well as the state of the system. By using general results on transitivity of transformation groups on spheres we establish the connections among these different notions of controllability. Motivated by the physical model of multilevel quantum systems, we also study the relation between the controllability in arbitrary small time of a system varying on a compact transformation Lie group and the corresponding system on the associated homogeneous space. As an application, we prove for the system of two interacting spin 1/2 particles the negative result that not every state transfer can be obtained in arbitrary time.
This paper examines the controllability for quantum control systems with SU(1,1) dynamical symmetry, namely, the ability to use some electromagnetic field to redirect the quantum system toward a desired evolution. The problem is formalized as the control of a right invariant bilinear system evolving on the Lie group SU(1,1) of two dimensional special pseudo-unitary matrices. It is proved that the elliptic condition of the total Hamiltonian is both sufficient and necessary for the controllability. Conditions are also given for small time local controllability and strong controllability. The results obtained are also valid for the control systems on the Lie groups SO(2,1) and SL(2,R).